【摘要】：近年來(lái),由于現(xiàn)代建筑物的高度不斷增加因此更容易受到雷擊的侵害。當(dāng)建筑物遭受直接雷擊時(shí),強(qiáng)大的雷電流自雷擊點(diǎn)注入防雷系統(tǒng),沿各分支導(dǎo)體傳播,經(jīng)接地體最終散入大地。在此暫態(tài)過(guò)程中,各分支導(dǎo)體上傳播的雷電流將在建筑物內(nèi)產(chǎn)生脈沖電磁場(chǎng),危害電子設(shè)備的安全可靠運(yùn)行；同時(shí)還會(huì)在各分支導(dǎo)體上產(chǎn)生熱效應(yīng),影響建筑物鋼筋框架結(jié)構(gòu)的穩(wěn)定性,并且在接地體周?chē)牡孛嫔袭a(chǎn)生電位抬高,危及地面活動(dòng)人員的人身安全。因此,本文旨在對(duì)高層建筑物遭受雷擊情況下的電磁效應(yīng)和熱效應(yīng)進(jìn)行仿真分析和計(jì)算,為建筑物的防雷設(shè)計(jì)提供可信的依據(jù),從而降低建筑物的雷害損失。 針對(duì)建筑物多導(dǎo)體系統(tǒng)構(gòu)成的大規(guī)模電網(wǎng)絡(luò)的雷電暫態(tài)求解,本文提出了一種降階模型。該模型基于Arnoldi算法,計(jì)算該電網(wǎng)絡(luò)的全等變換矩陣。通過(guò)建立多導(dǎo)體系統(tǒng)的狀態(tài)方程,求出等效網(wǎng)絡(luò)的傳遞函數(shù)。最后運(yùn)用拉普拉斯反變換和卷積定理,求出多導(dǎo)體系統(tǒng)在時(shí)域下的暫態(tài)響應(yīng)。根據(jù)以上算法,本文計(jì)算了實(shí)際建筑物的雷電暫態(tài)響應(yīng),并且將計(jì)算結(jié)果與運(yùn)用未降階電路法和有限差分法得出的結(jié)果進(jìn)行對(duì)比,同時(shí)還考察了雷電流波形、電磁耦合、計(jì)算步長(zhǎng)、分段長(zhǎng)度等因素對(duì)暫態(tài)響應(yīng)的影響,并進(jìn)行了縮減尺寸鋼筋框架模型的雷擊模擬試驗(yàn)。 從計(jì)算得出的防雷系統(tǒng)中各分支導(dǎo)體的暫態(tài)電流響應(yīng)入手,推導(dǎo)出在計(jì)及和不計(jì)集膚效應(yīng)這兩種情況下導(dǎo)體溫升的計(jì)算公式；分析了不同雷電流幅值和波形、導(dǎo)體橫截面積、不同金屬材料對(duì)導(dǎo)體溫升的影響;開(kāi)展了導(dǎo)體在沖擊電流作用下的溫升測(cè)量試驗(yàn)。 基于麥克斯韋方程組,本文采用混合法,推導(dǎo)出建筑物室內(nèi)空間任意一點(diǎn)處的暫態(tài)電場(chǎng)和磁場(chǎng)的時(shí)域計(jì)算公式,通過(guò)對(duì)時(shí)間和空間的離散化處理,得出了電場(chǎng)和磁場(chǎng)的數(shù)值解法。在求得室內(nèi)電磁場(chǎng)分布的基礎(chǔ)上,運(yùn)用兩線(xiàn)傳輸線(xiàn)模型求出線(xiàn)路電涌感應(yīng)過(guò)電壓。通過(guò)確定室內(nèi)電源線(xiàn)路電涌過(guò)電壓水平,并設(shè)計(jì)出了配套的電涌保護(hù)器電路。 本文根據(jù)接地體等效電路,建立了接地網(wǎng)暫態(tài)計(jì)算模型,求出各接地體暫態(tài)響應(yīng),并運(yùn)用積分法計(jì)算地面電位分布。其次,運(yùn)用網(wǎng)絡(luò)分割法建立人體集總參數(shù)等效電路模型,并且給出了人體各主要部分電氣參數(shù)的計(jì)算公式,定量地計(jì)算了流過(guò)人體的暫態(tài)電流和能量。最后考察了不同雷電流幅值、不同雷電流波形以及人站在不同位置時(shí)對(duì)跨步電壓和人體電流的影響。
[Abstract]:In recent years, due to the increasing height of modern buildings, it is more vulnerable to lightning damage. When the building is directly struck by lightning, the powerful lightning current is injected into the lightning protection system from the lightning strike point, and propagates along each branch conductor, and eventually spreads into the earth through the earthing body. During this transient process, the lightning current propagating on each branch conductor will produce pulse electromagnetic field in the building, which will harm the safe and reliable operation of electronic equipment, and will also produce thermal effect on each branch conductor. The stability of reinforced frame structure of buildings is affected, and the potential elevation occurs on the ground around the earthing body, which endangers the personal safety of the ground activists. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to analyze and calculate the electromagnetic and thermal effects of high-rise buildings under lightning strike, so as to provide a reliable basis for the lightning protection design of buildings and to reduce the lightning damage loss of buildings. In this paper, a reduced order model is proposed to solve the lightning transient of a large scale electrical network composed of a building multi-conductor system. The model is based on Arnoldi algorithm to calculate the full transformation matrix of the network. The transfer function of the equivalent network is obtained by establishing the state equation of the multiconductor system. Finally, by using Laplace inverse transformation and convolution theorem, the transient response of multi-conductor systems in time domain is obtained. Based on the above algorithms, the lightning transient response of actual buildings is calculated, and the results are compared with those obtained by using the unreduced circuit method and the finite difference method, and the lightning current waveform and electromagnetic coupling are also investigated. The effect of step size and segment length on transient response was calculated and the lightning stroke simulation test of the reduced size reinforced frame model was carried out. Starting with the transient current response of each branch conductor in lightning protection system, the calculation formulas of conductor temperature rise under the condition of considering and disregarding the skin effect are derived, and the different lightning current amplitude and waveform, conductor cross section area are analyzed. The effect of different metal materials on the temperature rise of conductors and the measurement of temperature rise of conductors under the action of shock current were carried out. Based on Maxwell's equations, the time-domain formulas of transient electric field and magnetic field at any point in the indoor space of a building are derived by using the mixed method, and the time and space are discretized. The numerical solution of electric field and magnetic field is obtained. On the basis of the distribution of indoor electromagnetic field, the line surge induced overvoltage is obtained by using the two-wire transmission line model. The surge overvoltage level of indoor power line is determined and the circuit of surge protector is designed. Based on the equivalent circuit of grounding system, the transient calculation model of grounding grid is established, the transient response of each grounding system is calculated, and the ground potential distribution is calculated by integral method. Secondly, the equivalent circuit model of lumped parameters of human body is established by using the method of network segmentation, and the calculation formulas of the main electrical parameters of human body are given, and the transient current and energy flowing through the human body are calculated quantitatively. Finally, the effects of different lightning current amplitudes, different lightning current waveforms and different positions on stride voltage and human body current are investigated.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京交通大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：TU895

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