【摘要】：壓電陶瓷(PZT,Lead Zirconate Titanate)材料由于具備響應(yīng)速度快、頻率響應(yīng)范圍寬、壓電常數(shù)大、線性關(guān)系好、易切割、價格低廉的優(yōu)點以及其同時具備傳感和作動功能,近年來,在土木工程結(jié)構(gòu)的健康監(jiān)測和損傷識別中得到成功應(yīng)用。通過將經(jīng)過防水和絕緣處理后的壓電陶瓷片封裝入與混凝土材料相兼容的混凝土砂漿塊中然后將其嵌入被測混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)中充當(dāng)驅(qū)動器以及傳感器,實現(xiàn)了混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)的裂縫發(fā)生發(fā)展的監(jiān)測。對混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)的應(yīng)力狀態(tài)進(jìn)行監(jiān)測是維持其安全性的重要手段。目前,混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行應(yīng)力測量,一般只注重其表面上的應(yīng)力分布。通過在混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)表面黏貼電阻式應(yīng)變片來測量混凝土表面的應(yīng)變,然后通過假定的混凝土材料的彈性模量換算得到混凝土表面的應(yīng)力,而對混凝土內(nèi)部的應(yīng)力狀態(tài)無法獲得。此外,通過測量所得應(yīng)變以及彈性模量來換算得到應(yīng)力時,彈性模量取值對換算結(jié)果有影響,特別是混凝土在強動力荷載作用下而進(jìn)入塑性階段后,混凝土材料的應(yīng)力應(yīng)變關(guān)系不再保持線性,不能通過應(yīng)變測量值獲取應(yīng)力。所以,對工作狀態(tài)下混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)部應(yīng)力的測量對混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)的安全性來說至關(guān)重要。開發(fā)能夠直接嵌入混凝土內(nèi)部、直接用于混凝土內(nèi)部應(yīng)力測量的傳感器,特別是在地震、爆炸和沖擊等強動力荷載作用下的動態(tài)應(yīng)力的測量具有十分重要的意義。本文提出基于壓電材料的混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)部動態(tài)應(yīng)力測量傳感器,并對其進(jìn)行標(biāo)定。具體的工作包括以下三個方面:(1)在已有研究的基礎(chǔ)上,對嵌入式壓電陶瓷動態(tài)應(yīng)力傳感器進(jìn)行了部分改良,使得制作的傳感器具有良好的防水絕緣性能,靈敏度更穩(wěn)定,并且使其更易于綁定于混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)中。(2)制作了基于壓電陶瓷的動態(tài)剪應(yīng)力傳感器并將該剪應(yīng)力傳感器嵌入混凝土空心薄壁空心圓筒中,且滿足空心圓筒的直徑與壁厚達(dá)到足夠比例,利用小型落錘實驗機進(jìn)行沖擊荷載加載用以標(biāo)定其靈敏度,實驗結(jié)果表明所研制的剪應(yīng)力傳感器之間的靈敏度個體差異性小,所研制的基于壓電陶瓷的剪應(yīng)力傳感器表現(xiàn)出良好的線性度。(3)制作了基于剪切型壓電陶瓷以及伸縮型壓電陶瓷的平面動態(tài)應(yīng)力傳感器,通過使用小型落錘實驗機施加沖擊荷載并對埋置在簡支梁中的平面應(yīng)力傳感器的靈敏度進(jìn)行標(biāo)定,實驗表明基于壓電陶瓷的平面動態(tài)應(yīng)力傳感器可以較好反映混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)部的應(yīng)力情況,為下一步對混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)的定量動態(tài)應(yīng)力監(jiān)測做好鋪墊。
[Abstract]:Piezoelectric ceramics (PZT,Lead Zirconate Titanate) have the advantages of fast response speed, wide frequency response range, large piezoelectric constant, good linear relationship, easy cutting, low price and both sensing and actuating functions. It has been successfully applied in health monitoring and damage identification of civil engineering structures. By encapsulating the waterproof and insulated piezoelectric ceramic pieces into concrete mortar blocks compatible with concrete materials and embedding them into the tested concrete structures as actuators and sensors, The monitoring of crack occurrence and development of concrete structure is realized. Monitoring the stress state of concrete structure is an important means to maintain its safety. At present, the stress distribution on the surface of concrete structure is generally paid attention to in stress measurement. The strain of concrete surface is measured by sticking resistive strain gauge on the surface of concrete structure, and then the stress of concrete surface is obtained by the elastic modulus conversion of the assumed concrete material, but the stress state inside the concrete can not be obtained. In addition, when the strain and elastic modulus are converted to obtain the stress, the value of elastic modulus has an effect on the conversion results, especially when the concrete enters the plastic stage under the strong dynamic load. The stress-strain relationship of concrete is no longer linear, and the stress can not be obtained by strain measurement. Therefore, it is very important for the safety of concrete structure to measure the internal stress of concrete structure. It is of great significance to develop sensors which can be directly embedded in concrete and can be used to measure the internal stress of concrete, especially under strong dynamic loads such as earthquake, explosion and shock. This paper presents a dynamic stress measurement sensor for concrete structure based on piezoelectric materials and calibrates it. The specific work includes the following three aspects: (1) based on the existing research, the embedded piezoelectric ceramic dynamic stress sensor is partially improved, which makes the sensor have good waterproof and insulation performance, and the sensitivity is more stable. And make it easier to bind to concrete structure. (2) the dynamic shear stress sensor based on piezoelectric ceramics is made and embedded in concrete hollow thin-walled hollow cylinder. When the diameter and wall thickness of the hollow cylinder reach enough ratio, the sensitivity is calibrated by impact load loading with a small drop weight test machine. The experimental results show that the sensitivity difference between the developed shear stress sensors is small. The developed shear stress sensor based on piezoelectric ceramics shows good linearity. (3) Planar dynamic stress sensors based on shear piezoelectric ceramics and telescopic piezoelectric ceramics are fabricated. The sensitivity of the plane stress sensor embedded in a simply supported beam is calibrated by applying impact load to a small drop weight experimental machine. The experimental results show that the planar dynamic stress sensor based on piezoelectric ceramics can better reflect the internal stress of concrete structure and pave the way for the quantitative dynamic stress monitoring of concrete structure in the next step.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：湖南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：TU37;TU317

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本文編號：2215680