本文選題：風(fēng)景園林 + 國家公園�。� 參考：《中國林業(yè)科學(xué)研究院》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：目前,自然保護(hù)區(qū)、風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)、地質(zhì)公園、森林公園等眾多的管理主體,交叉行使行政權(quán)力,彼此爭奪管理地盤,造成了多頭管理、權(quán)責(zé)不清、行政資源浪費(fèi)等多種亂象,嚴(yán)重影響了資源的有效管理和合理利用,帶來一系列衍生的自然和社會問題。如何有效解決這些問題,成為事關(guān)國計民生的迫切內(nèi)容。一些發(fā)達(dá)國家的路徑措施為我們提供了可以借鑒參考的案例,國家公園體制的構(gòu)建便是其中之一。黨的十八屆三中全會提出了“建立國土空間開發(fā)保護(hù)制度,嚴(yán)格按照主體功能區(qū)定位推動發(fā)展,建立國家公園體制”的新要求。2014年8月,國務(wù)院印發(fā)了《關(guān)于促進(jìn)旅游業(yè)改革發(fā)展的若干意見》(國發(fā)[2014]31號),其中提到的第一項任務(wù)就是:穩(wěn)步推進(jìn)建立國家公園體制,實現(xiàn)對自然和文化遺產(chǎn)地更有效的保護(hù)和利用,并要求2015年底前取得階段性成果。在這樣的政策引導(dǎo)下,全國學(xué)術(shù)界、相關(guān)政府部門就國家公園的問題展開了熱烈討論。林業(yè)部門管理著45.6億畝林地、8億畝濕地、8.3億畝沙地,依托這些資源,不僅林業(yè)部門批建了大量自然保護(hù)區(qū)、森林公園、濕地公園和沙漠公園,其面積占到國土面積的15%,而且其它部門利用這些資源也批建了大量的風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)、地質(zhì)公園等類型的保護(hù)地,造成了機(jī)構(gòu)重疊、多頭管理,這也是我國保護(hù)地與國外國家公園的最大區(qū)別。陸地上絕大部分的精華風(fēng)景資源均在林業(yè)部門建設(shè)管理的區(qū)域之中,陸地上擬新建的國家公園很難規(guī)避開這些資源而建立,現(xiàn)在國家提出建立國家公園體制,那么,新建的國家公園與各類保護(hù)地之間是什么關(guān)系,我國保護(hù)地存在的問題的根源是什么,國家公園能解決這些問題嗎?為此,結(jié)合自己多年的工作經(jīng)驗和實踐積累,從森林管理角度切入,梳理我國各類保護(hù)地與森林管理之間的眾多聯(lián)系和矛盾,分析我國保護(hù)地存在問題的原因,試圖找出我國國家公園建設(shè)的路徑,為我國國家公園建立從一個新的角度引發(fā)思考,對學(xué)術(shù)界、政府部門在進(jìn)行建立國家公園探討時未將森林管理擺上重要位置的情況作了有益的完善和補(bǔ)充,將為國家公園體制建設(shè)、自然資源資產(chǎn)產(chǎn)權(quán)制度、國有林場改革、國有林區(qū)改革、集體林權(quán)改革等方面提供一定的參考。研究課題確定后,首先是向林業(yè)、住建、國土等政府部門查詢相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù),從網(wǎng)上大量收集相關(guān)材料,向多年從事自然保護(hù)區(qū)、風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)、地質(zhì)公園、森林公園等工作的專家及業(yè)內(nèi)人士咨詢、請教,向國外的朋友發(fā)函尋求資料,其次赴實地考察與調(diào)研,然后運(yùn)用文獻(xiàn)綜合研究法、統(tǒng)計歸納法、系統(tǒng)分析法、圖表分析法、比較研究法、實地調(diào)研法和專家訪談法等,形成文本初稿,再請導(dǎo)師、專家審核,反復(fù)修改,最后定稿,一共形成了五個章節(jié)的研究成果,遵循背景導(dǎo)入——提出問題——分析問題——解決問題的思路。第一章主要對背景概況進(jìn)行分析,第二章提出問題,三章分析問題,第四章解決問題,第五章得出基本結(jié)論,并進(jìn)行總結(jié)討論。第一章首先明確此論文研究的背景和意義,研究目標(biāo)和技術(shù)路線,并對國內(nèi)研究現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行了分析,為問題的引入和提出做了鋪墊;第二章以國內(nèi)外國家公園概況為框架體系,對國外國家公園內(nèi)容和管理體制進(jìn)行研究的基礎(chǔ)上,探討國家公園的內(nèi)涵、特征和管理機(jī)制,與此同時,通過對國內(nèi)“國家公園”進(jìn)行研究梳理,整理分析涉及到的國家公園相關(guān)概念,力求理清國內(nèi)“國家公園”的發(fā)展軌跡,并結(jié)合國內(nèi)對國家公園的爭論進(jìn)行思考,明確國家公園的生態(tài)性及其與森林公園之間的密切聯(lián)系。第三章以國家公園與森林資源的關(guān)系作為切入點,試圖找出兩者之間的彼此支撐體系和相互制約機(jī)理,從森林管理的視角分析國家公園建設(shè)中存在的問題及其產(chǎn)生的原因。第四章立足于解決問題,結(jié)合我國國情和發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀,從資源保護(hù)開發(fā)、部門整合協(xié)作、法律完善明確三個方面提出我國建立國家公園的途徑,是本論文的核心內(nèi)容和重要創(chuàng)新之處。第五章對全文進(jìn)行總結(jié)、討論和展望。對我國國家公園建設(shè)應(yīng)遵循的原則和步驟做初步探討,并就論文的不足和需要進(jìn)一步研究的問題做出明確說明,以期為未來深入研究做一定的引導(dǎo)�？偠灾�,建立國家公園以保護(hù)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和保護(hù)生物多樣性為目的,國家公園和森林資源有著非常緊密的關(guān)系。世界國家公園的概念、內(nèi)涵和特征,均強(qiáng)調(diào)了國家公園對自然、生態(tài)、物種、生態(tài)群落的保護(hù),國家公園的發(fā)展目標(biāo)與森林管理的目標(biāo)具有高度一致性。森林資源管理是國家公園建設(shè)的突破口,國家公園建設(shè)是森林資源管理的推進(jìn)器。國家公園以自然資源、生態(tài)系統(tǒng)、野生動植物等為基礎(chǔ),國家公園是我國自然保護(hù)地體系中的重要完善和補(bǔ)充,應(yīng)當(dāng)堅持以自然資源資產(chǎn)產(chǎn)權(quán)部門為主體進(jìn)行國家公園建設(shè),建立歸屬清晰、權(quán)責(zé)明確、監(jiān)管有效的森林資源產(chǎn)權(quán)制度。林業(yè)部門作為陸地最大生態(tài)系統(tǒng)——森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的主要管理者和保護(hù)者,應(yīng)切實肩負(fù)起國家公園建設(shè)的神圣使命。國家公園建設(shè)過程中必須解決與森林管理嚴(yán)重重合、與森林法規(guī)存在抵觸、與森林管理部門存在利益分割的問題。充分考慮森林管理的內(nèi)在需求,建立由發(fā)展改革、國土、林業(yè)、環(huán)保、建設(shè)、文物、宗教、海洋等部門共同參與、協(xié)同有效的國土空間監(jiān)測管理工作機(jī)制。立足國情與借鑒國際經(jīng)驗相結(jié)合、著眼長遠(yuǎn)與夯實基礎(chǔ)相結(jié)合、創(chuàng)新重建與問題治理相結(jié)合,進(jìn)行資源整合、部門整合、法規(guī)整合,分階段實現(xiàn)近期、中期、遠(yuǎn)期發(fā)展目標(biāo)的漸進(jìn)化戰(zhàn)略步驟。
[Abstract]:At present, many management subjects such as natural reserve, scenic area, Geopark, Forest Park, etc. cross exercise administrative power and compete for each other to manage the territory, resulting in multiple management, unclear power and responsibility, waste of administrative resources and so on, which seriously affect the effective management and rational use of resources, and bring a series of natural and social derivatives. How to effectively solve these problems has become an urgent matter for the national economy and the people's livelihood. Some developed countries' path measures provide us with reference cases, and the construction of the national park system is one of them. In the third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee, the party proposed the establishment of the national space development and protection system, strictly according to the main body. In August.2014, the State Council issued a number of comments on promoting the reform and development of tourism (national hair [2014]31). The first task mentioned is to promote the establishment of the national park system steadily and to achieve more effective protection and benefit to natural and cultural heritage sites. Under the guidance of this policy, the relevant government departments, under the guidance of this policy, launched a heated discussion on the issue of national parks. The forestry department manages 4 billion 560 million mu of woodland, 800 million mu of wetlands, and 830 million mu of sandy land, depending on these resources, not only the Forestry Department has built a large number of natural reserves and forests, but also the forestry department has built a large number of natural reserves and forests. Parks, wetland parks and desert parks account for 15% of the land area, and other sectors have built a large number of scenic spots, geoparks and other types of protected areas, resulting in overlapping institutions and multi head management, which is the biggest difference between China's protected and outside national parks. Most of the land on land is fine. China's scenic resources are all in the area of the construction and management of the forestry department. The newly built national park on land is difficult to avoid the establishment of these resources. Now the state puts forward the establishment of the national park system, then what is the relationship between the new national park and the various kinds of protected areas, and what is the root of the problems in the protection of the land in our country, and the state. Can the park solve these problems? To this end, combined with many years of work experience and practice, from the perspective of forest management, this paper combs the many links and contradictions between various types of protected land and forest management in our country, analyzes the reasons for the existing problems in China's protection, and tries to find out the path of national park construction in China, for the National Park of our country. From a new point of view, the establishment of the national park system, the property rights system of natural resources, the reform of the state-owned forest farm, the reform of the state-owned forest areas, the reform of the state-owned forest areas, the reform of the collective forest rights, etc. After the research project is determined, the first is to inquire the relevant data from the government departments of forestry, housing, land and other government, collect a lot of relevant materials from the Internet, consult with the experts of the natural reserves, scenic spots, geoparks and Forest Park for many years, ask for teaching, and seek letters to friends from abroad. Information, then to the field investigation and research, and then use the literature comprehensive research method, statistical induction, system analysis, chart analysis, comparative research, field investigation and expert interview, etc., form the first draft of the text, and then ask the tutor, expert review, repeated revision, final finalization, a total of five chapters of the research results, following the background of the background, following the background The first chapter mainly analyzes the background situation, the second chapter puts forward the problem, the three chapter analyzes the problem, the fourth chapter solves the problem, the fifth chapter draws the basic conclusion, and carries on the summary discussion. The first chapter first clearly confirms the background and significance of the thesis research, the research goal and the technique. The second chapter, on the basis of the general situation of national parks at home and abroad, studies the content and management system of foreign national parks, discusses the connotation, characteristics and management mechanism of national parks, and at the same time, through the national "country". The park "studies and combs, collates and analyzes the related concepts related to national parks, strives to clear the development track of national parks in China, and combines the domestic debate on national parks to make clear the ecological nature of national parks and their close ties with the Forest Park. The third chapter is about national parks and forest resources. As a breakthrough point, the Department tries to find out the supporting system and the mutual restriction mechanism between the two and analyzes the problems and causes in the construction of national parks from the perspective of forest management. The fourth chapter is based on solving the problems, combining with the national conditions and development status of our country, from the protection and development of the resources, the integration of departments and cooperation, and the perfect and clear law. The three aspects put forward the way to establish the National Park in our country, which is the core content and the important innovation of this paper. The fifth chapter summarizes the full text, discusses and predicts the principles and steps to be followed in the construction of national parks in China, and gives a clear explanation of the shortcomings of the paper and the problems that need further study. In a word, national parks are very closely related to the protection of ecosystems and biodiversity conservation. The concept, connotation and characteristics of the national parks have emphasized the protection of natural, ecological, species and ecological communities by the national parks. The development goal of the family park is highly consistent with the goal of forest management. Forest resource management is the breakthrough point of national park construction. National park construction is the propeller of forest resource management. National Park is based on natural resources, ecosystem and wild animals and plants, and national park is an important part of China's natural protection system. To improve and supplement, we should adhere to the construction of national park with the property rights department of natural resources assets as the main body, and establish a forest resource property right system with clear ownership, clear power and responsibility and effective supervision. As the largest ecosystem of land, the main manager and protector of the forest ecosystem, the forestry department should bear the national park construction. In the process of building the National Park, it is necessary to solve the serious reintegration with the forest management, conflict with the forest regulations, and the problems of the division of interests with the forest management departments. The internal needs of the forest management should be fully considered and the departments of development reform, land, forestry, environmental protection, construction, cultural relics, religion, and the ocean are jointly established. On the basis of the effective mechanism of land space monitoring and management, based on the combination of the national conditions and the reference of international experience, the combination of long-term and rammed foundation, the combination of innovation and problem management, the integration of resources, the integration of departments and the integration of laws and regulations, the gradual and evolutionary strategic steps of the short-term, medium-term and long-term development goals are realized in stages.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國林業(yè)科學(xué)研究院
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：TU986.54

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本文編號：2091591