本文選題：鳥類生境 + 景觀規(guī)劃設(shè)計��； 參考：《清華大學(xué)》2015年博士論文

【摘要】：城市生物多樣性是城市人居環(huán)境的重要組成部分,可滿足城市居民接觸完整自然的需求。鳥類豐富度常被用作評價城市生物多樣性水平的指標(biāo)之一,反映城市鳥類生境的優(yōu)劣。城市鳥類生境具備生物和非生物屬性。本研究以北京26個城市公園作為主要研究場地,對其內(nèi)鳥類、生物環(huán)境因子(植物和昆蟲豐富度)以及非生物環(huán)境因子開展田野調(diào)查(2012-2014),共獲取137種鳥類、261種昆蟲和395種高等維管束植物。采用結(jié)構(gòu)方程模型路徑分析方法研究影響鳥類豐富度的顯著因子。結(jié)果表明,城市公園面積是影響鳥類豐富度的顯著積極因子,針葉林面積比例和城市公園周邊200米范圍內(nèi)的綠地面積比例積極顯著影響繁殖鳥豐富度。昆蟲豐富度積極顯著影響鳥類豐富度。地被豐富度通過影響昆蟲豐富度對繁殖鳥豐富度產(chǎn)生積極顯著影響。鳥類是自由移動的生物,城市綠地在不同生態(tài)類型鳥類的生命周期中作用不同。本研究將北京城市公園內(nèi)的鳥類生境類型劃分為3級,將在城市建成區(qū)范圍內(nèi)的鳥類生境劃分為3個尺度層次——生境系統(tǒng)、斑塊和小生境,三者分別對應(yīng)規(guī)劃行為、設(shè)計行為和管理行為。在城市建成區(qū)范圍內(nèi),猛禽的生境尺度覆蓋整個城市,水鳥的生境尺度與人類相當(dāng),而林鳥的生境尺度則低于人類。據(jù)“嵌套性分析”可知,留鳥在北京城市公園中較夏候鳥占優(yōu)勢。城市鳥類及其生境數(shù)據(jù)獲取,城市水體和林地生境制圖,生境質(zhì)量評估及提升策略是鳥類生境系統(tǒng)規(guī)劃的主要內(nèi)容。控制游覽交通線與有效生境的距離是城市鳥類生境營造的關(guān)鍵,量化控制鳥類生境的類型和尺度、布局、關(guān)鍵空間結(jié)構(gòu)是鳥類生境營造的主要內(nèi)容。本研究依據(jù)“可見性”劃分北京城市公園內(nèi)的常見鳥和偶見鳥。在生境系統(tǒng)尺度,利用鳥類景觀導(dǎo)覽規(guī)劃將自然游賞融入城市居民日常生活。以青年湖公園為例進(jìn)行斑塊尺度鳥類生境營造實踐。維護(hù)非人類活動干擾區(qū)域、維持完整水生態(tài)系統(tǒng)、維持植被野化區(qū)域、禁止使用殺蟲劑等是提升城市公園鳥類生境質(zhì)量的有效措施。整合多學(xué)科資源的景觀規(guī)劃是城市生物多樣性維護(hù)的有效途徑。城市公園規(guī)劃設(shè)計和管理需納入多樣豐富的蓬勃生命,深入到四維生命空間營造,更益于城市人的精神復(fù)健。
[Abstract]:Urban biodiversity is an important part of urban human settlement environment, which can meet the needs of urban residents to contact the intact nature. Bird richness is often used as an index to evaluate the level of urban biodiversity, reflecting the habitat of urban birds. Urban bird habitats have biological and abiotic properties. In this study, 26 urban parks in Beijing were used as the main research sites. Biologic environmental factors (plant and insect richness) and abiotic environmental factors were investigated in the field from 2012 to 2014. A total of 137 species of birds, 261 species of insects and 395 species of higher vascular plants were obtained. The significant factors affecting bird richness were studied by using structural equation model path analysis method. The results showed that the area of urban park was a significant positive factor affecting the richness of birds, and the proportion of coniferous forest area and green space area within 200 meters around the city park had a positive and significant effect on the richness of breeding birds. Insect richness positively and significantly affects bird richness. The abundance of ground cover has a positive and significant effect on the richness of breeding birds by affecting insect richness. Birds are free moving organisms and urban green space plays different roles in the life cycle of different ecological types of birds. In this study, bird habitat types in Beijing City Park were divided into 3 levels, and bird habitats in urban areas were divided into three scale levels-habitat system, patches and microhabitats, respectively, corresponding to planning behavior. Design behavior and management behavior. In the urban area, the habitat scale of raptor covers the whole city, the habitat scale of waterfowl is the same as that of human, but the habitat scale of forest bird is lower than that of human. According to nesting analysis, resident birds are more dominant than summer birds in Beijing City Park. Urban birds and their habitat data acquisition, urban water and woodland habitat mapping, habitat quality assessment and upgrading strategies are the main contents of bird habitat system planning. Controlling the distance between the tour traffic line and the effective habitat is the key to the urban bird habitat construction. The main content of the bird habitat construction is the quantitative control of the bird habitat type and scale, the layout and the key spatial structure. In this study, the common birds and occasional birds in Beijing urban park were classified according to visibility. On the scale of habitat system, the bird landscape planning is used to integrate natural tourism into the daily life of urban residents. Taking the Youth Lake Park as an example, the construction practice of patch scale bird habitat was carried out. The effective measures to improve the habitat quality of birds in urban parks are to maintain non-human disturbance areas, maintain intact aquatic ecosystems, maintain vegetation wildness areas and prohibit the use of insecticides. The landscape planning of integrating multi-disciplinary resources is an effective way to maintain urban biodiversity. The planning, design and management of urban parks need to incorporate diverse and abundant vigorous life, deep into the construction of four-dimensional life space, more beneficial to the spiritual rehabilitation of urban people.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：清華大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：Q958;TU985.12
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本文編號：1849220