本文選題：近代中國金融機(jī)構(gòu) + 金融變遷　； 參考：《山西財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)》2014年博士論文

【摘要】：本文從金融功能演進(jìn)的角度，討論了1800-1937年中國金融機(jī)構(gòu)的變遷問題，中心觀點(diǎn)為：近代中國金融機(jī)構(gòu)變遷是近代中國金融功能演進(jìn)的產(chǎn)物，金融功能演進(jìn)本質(zhì)上是一個(gè)功能不斷分化和實(shí)現(xiàn)的過程，這一過程中的基本運(yùn)行機(jī)制是協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制。對(duì)這一問題的研究主要基于兩大目的。一是探明近代中國金融業(yè)不同發(fā)展階段主要金融機(jī)構(gòu)變遷的特點(diǎn)及其內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，以更好理解中國金融機(jī)構(gòu)的變遷規(guī)律。二是在此基礎(chǔ)上為我國銀行業(yè)的當(dāng)前和未來發(fā)展提供理論支持和歷史借鑒。 出于上述考慮，本文從理論推導(dǎo)和歷史分析兩個(gè)方面對(duì)近代中國金融機(jī)構(gòu)的變遷進(jìn)行了研究。理論推導(dǎo)方面，嘗試把金融變遷與社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)變遷原理結(jié)合起來予以研究，通過梳理社會(huì)變遷理論中功能、結(jié)構(gòu)、能動(dòng)性等概念，提煉出“功能是系統(tǒng)復(fù)雜性化簡(jiǎn)的內(nèi)在需求，結(jié)構(gòu)是這一需求的實(shí)際運(yùn)作狀態(tài)，功能是結(jié)構(gòu)變化的內(nèi)在機(jī)理”這一分析社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)系統(tǒng)變遷的基本觀點(diǎn)。在此基礎(chǔ)之上解釋了金融功能、金融功能的分化和實(shí)現(xiàn)、金融變遷等概念，分析了金融系統(tǒng)中功能和結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)系、金融機(jī)構(gòu)變遷的內(nèi)在機(jī)理等重要問題，并對(duì)金融變遷相關(guān)理論進(jìn)行了整合，提出了金融變遷的功能協(xié)調(diào)觀點(diǎn)，認(rèn)為金融功能本質(zhì)上是對(duì)金融系統(tǒng)復(fù)雜性和不確定性的化簡(jiǎn)需求，它的演進(jìn)過程就是這一化簡(jiǎn)需求的不斷分化和實(shí)現(xiàn)過程，圍繞功能的分化和實(shí)現(xiàn)，金融體系的各要素、各制度進(jìn)行變遷，其變遷的核心運(yùn)行機(jī)制是協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制。作為金融要素或金融制度中的一種，金融機(jī)構(gòu)變遷的內(nèi)在機(jī)理也是圍繞金融功能的分化，金融機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)這一分化的適應(yīng)過程或動(dòng)態(tài)協(xié)調(diào)過程，即金融功能的實(shí)現(xiàn)過程。本文也對(duì)引起功能分化和系統(tǒng)變遷的原始動(dòng)因——能動(dòng)性作了分析，認(rèn)為一般情況下，自發(fā)性（誘致性）和計(jì)劃性（強(qiáng)制性）兩大動(dòng)因共同作用于變遷過程，但在不同的階段二者發(fā)揮的作用有所不同，有時(shí)自發(fā)性起主要作用，有時(shí)計(jì)劃性起主要作用。 按照金融功能協(xié)調(diào)觀點(diǎn)，1800-1937年間的中國金融機(jī)構(gòu)變遷也是一個(gè)對(duì)功能分化和實(shí)現(xiàn)的適應(yīng)過程，從金融系統(tǒng)的服務(wù)對(duì)象看，金融功能的大致演進(jìn)順序?yàn)椋荷虡I(yè)金融服務(wù)-政府金融服務(wù)-工業(yè)金融服務(wù)，具體可分為三個(gè)階段進(jìn)行考察。第一階段1800-1840年，以金融機(jī)構(gòu)的成長(zhǎng)為主線展開分析。市場(chǎng)自發(fā)性動(dòng)因——長(zhǎng)途大宗商品貿(mào)易量的增加和復(fù)雜混亂的貨幣制度，共同推動(dòng)商業(yè)金融服務(wù)功能從傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)的經(jīng)濟(jì)體系中分化出來，圍繞這一功能的實(shí)現(xiàn)，國內(nèi)金融機(jī)構(gòu)不斷成長(zhǎng)壯大。票號(hào)、錢莊通過貨幣兌換服務(wù)、以票代銀等業(yè)務(wù)創(chuàng)新，滿足了本階段金融功能的需求，成為國內(nèi)金融業(yè)中的翹楚。同時(shí)，兼營金融業(yè)務(wù)的外國洋行也開始為商業(yè)資金的國際流動(dòng)提供便利。第二階段1841-1894年，以金融機(jī)構(gòu)的蛻變?yōu)橹骶�展開分析。從地域上看，隨著通商口岸的增多和中國半殖民地社會(huì)性質(zhì)的加深，這一階段的金融功能首先分化為口岸和內(nèi)地商埠兩大部分，每一部分功能需求的內(nèi)容有所不同。內(nèi)地的金融功能仍以傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)為基礎(chǔ)，市場(chǎng)放誘致長(zhǎng)途貿(mào)易中的商業(yè)資金流動(dòng)和信用規(guī)模進(jìn)一步增大，錢莊和票號(hào)的商業(yè)金融服務(wù)功能繼續(xù)擴(kuò)展，與此同時(shí)，口岸的金融功能已經(jīng)開始向工業(yè)社會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)變，來自外國勢(shì)力的強(qiáng)制性作用和本國政府的制度變革對(duì)金融系統(tǒng)的影響逐步增強(qiáng)，因此分化出新的金融功能需求——誘致性政府金融服務(wù)功能和強(qiáng)制性工業(yè)金融服務(wù)功能。在兩大新功能的實(shí)現(xiàn)上，金融機(jī)構(gòu)表現(xiàn)出不同的適應(yīng)力，，票號(hào)在政府金融服務(wù)功能的實(shí)現(xiàn)方面發(fā)揮了重要作用，但工業(yè)金融服務(wù)功能的實(shí)現(xiàn)，主要依靠外國銀行和政府直接投資。盡管如此，票號(hào)、錢莊、外國銀行在不同的功能競(jìng)合與實(shí)現(xiàn)過程中形成了各自的優(yōu)勢(shì)，并能相互補(bǔ)充和支持，共同推動(dòng)了金融業(yè)的整體平穩(wěn)發(fā)展。第三階段1895-1937年，以金融機(jī)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)型為主線展開分析。這一階段近代中國金融體系的現(xiàn)代因素大大增強(qiáng)，主要表現(xiàn)為政府干預(yù)經(jīng)濟(jì)力度大大增強(qiáng)，民族工商業(yè)資本和國有工商業(yè)資本快速發(fā)展，功能分化與此相一致，政府金融服務(wù)功能出現(xiàn)由誘致性向強(qiáng)制性轉(zhuǎn)變的趨勢(shì)，而工商業(yè)金融服務(wù)功能中的誘致性力量在增強(qiáng)。這一階段金融機(jī)構(gòu)的功能實(shí)現(xiàn)呈現(xiàn)出不同特點(diǎn)，圍繞基于誘致性的傳統(tǒng)商業(yè)金融服務(wù)功能的實(shí)現(xiàn)，錢莊、票號(hào)等金融機(jī)構(gòu)形成了被動(dòng)適應(yīng)的偏好，而更偏重計(jì)劃性或強(qiáng)制性的政府金融服務(wù)功能和工業(yè)金融服務(wù)功能的實(shí)現(xiàn)，則對(duì)金融機(jī)構(gòu)提出更高的主動(dòng)創(chuàng)新要求形態(tài)。圍繞這些功能的分化和實(shí)現(xiàn)，金融機(jī)構(gòu)表現(xiàn)出多線變遷形態(tài)。票號(hào)因與外部社會(huì)變動(dòng)協(xié)調(diào)失敗而導(dǎo)致功能實(shí)現(xiàn)受阻，錢莊的功能實(shí)現(xiàn)一度出現(xiàn)波折，雖由于調(diào)整及時(shí)因而繼續(xù)發(fā)展，但在金融業(yè)中的地位發(fā)生重大變動(dòng)，更能滿足政府和工業(yè)金融服務(wù)功能需求的銀行取代錢莊成為金融業(yè)的主導(dǎo)力量。特別是隨著政府對(duì)金融的控制逐步加強(qiáng)，官辦銀行于20世紀(jì)30年代后期基本壟斷了國內(nèi)金融市場(chǎng)。另外，由于政府的合理干預(yù)，金融業(yè)的整體功能得到提升，抵御風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的能力比過去大大增強(qiáng)。 鑒于政府在中國近代化進(jìn)程中的重要角色，本文對(duì)政府在金融功能實(shí)現(xiàn)過程中的作用及其實(shí)現(xiàn)方式作了理論探討，并結(jié)合近代中國政府干預(yù)金融的實(shí)際對(duì)制度創(chuàng)新與金融機(jī)構(gòu)變遷的關(guān)系也作了分析。 通過以上研究，本文認(rèn)為：第一，金融變遷首先是一個(gè)主要由能動(dòng)性引起的金融功能演進(jìn)過程，演進(jìn)應(yīng)指金融功能的分化和實(shí)現(xiàn)，包括金融機(jī)構(gòu)在內(nèi)的金融各要素變遷都是這一過程的產(chǎn)物和表現(xiàn)。第二，金融機(jī)構(gòu)的變遷原理應(yīng)建立在以金融功能為基本分析視角的金融協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制之上，通過功能實(shí)現(xiàn)這一動(dòng)態(tài)過程來衡量金融系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部和外部的協(xié)調(diào)度，同樣通過功能實(shí)現(xiàn)來考察各種能動(dòng)性變化和金融變遷的復(fù)雜關(guān)系，在此功能視角下，金融機(jī)構(gòu)的興衰就取決于其對(duì)功能的適應(yīng)性及其效率，機(jī)構(gòu)適應(yīng)性強(qiáng)，發(fā)展穩(wěn)定；機(jī)構(gòu)適應(yīng)性弱，則被淘汰。第三，近代中國金融機(jī)構(gòu)的功能演進(jìn)過程大致可以概括為：商業(yè)金融服務(wù)-政府金融服務(wù)-工業(yè)金融服務(wù)，前后功能之間不是替代關(guān)系，而是分化和遞進(jìn)關(guān)系。這些功能的實(shí)現(xiàn)既依賴于機(jī)構(gòu)的自身創(chuàng)新，也依賴于政府的制度創(chuàng)新。第四，近代中國金融功能需求與機(jī)構(gòu)、制度的協(xié)調(diào)關(guān)系呈現(xiàn)出由機(jī)構(gòu)、制度的被動(dòng)跟隨向機(jī)構(gòu)、制度的主動(dòng)供應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)變的趨勢(shì)，但這一過程較為緩慢，其主要原因在于政府制度供給嚴(yán)重滯后于時(shí)代要求，因此，政府的制度安排在中國近代金融機(jī)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)型過程中扮演關(guān)鍵角色。 本文的創(chuàng)新主要有四點(diǎn)。一是提出了金融功能的本質(zhì)是金融系統(tǒng)的復(fù)雜性化簡(jiǎn)需求這一論斷。通過梳理社會(huì)變遷一般原理，把系統(tǒng)復(fù)雜性與功能的本質(zhì)引入金融功能論，功能只代表一種潛在的復(fù)雜性化簡(jiǎn)需求，結(jié)構(gòu)，即功能實(shí)現(xiàn)，才是這一需求的實(shí)際運(yùn)作狀態(tài)，進(jìn)一步加深了對(duì)金融結(jié)構(gòu)與金融功能二者關(guān)系的認(rèn)識(shí)。二是以金融功能實(shí)現(xiàn)為核心概念提出了新的金融變遷機(jī)制——功能協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制。金融變遷或機(jī)構(gòu)變遷就是金融功能的實(shí)現(xiàn)過程，在這一過程中，是否有利于金融資源的便利流動(dòng)和配置是衡量金融內(nèi)部諸要素之間及金融與社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)之間協(xié)調(diào)度的最核心標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，進(jìn)一步豐富了金融運(yùn)行的內(nèi)外協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制。三是提出政府的制度創(chuàng)新是推動(dòng)近代中國金融功能演進(jìn)和實(shí)現(xiàn)的最重要外部力量這一論斷。運(yùn)用金融功能協(xié)調(diào)的觀點(diǎn)對(duì)近代中國金融機(jī)構(gòu)變遷中金融功能實(shí)現(xiàn)、不能實(shí)現(xiàn)或?qū)崿F(xiàn)不暢等變化作了分析，分析表明近代中國金融機(jī)構(gòu)的功能實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)歷了一個(gè)從被動(dòng)跟隨向主動(dòng)供應(yīng)逐步轉(zhuǎn)變的過程，但推動(dòng)這一轉(zhuǎn)變的主角是政府，政府的金融制度安排或制度創(chuàng)新成為中國金融業(yè)整體功能提升的關(guān)鍵。四是提出近代中國金融機(jī)構(gòu)在功能實(shí)現(xiàn)中的能動(dòng)性具有被動(dòng)適應(yīng)的特點(diǎn)。這一特點(diǎn)對(duì)主動(dòng)性要求較弱的商業(yè)金融服務(wù)功能和政府金融服務(wù)功能的實(shí)現(xiàn)尚不構(gòu)成阻礙，但極不利于對(duì)主動(dòng)性要求較高的工業(yè)金融服務(wù)功能的實(shí)現(xiàn)，因此，提高中國金融機(jī)構(gòu)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力首先要解決如何由被動(dòng)追隨功能需求向主動(dòng)供應(yīng)功能需求轉(zhuǎn)變的問題。本文的不足之處為，一是在分析金融功能時(shí)提出了復(fù)雜性概念，但在分析其的具體形成機(jī)制、與金融各要素的具體關(guān)系等問題上著墨不多，需作進(jìn)一步探討；二是在分析近代中國金融機(jī)構(gòu)變遷的過程時(shí)，從功能角度對(duì)金融工具、金融機(jī)構(gòu)、金融市場(chǎng)三者之間的協(xié)調(diào)運(yùn)行關(guān)系考察力度不夠，以上不足有待在今后的研究中予以補(bǔ)充和完善。
[Abstract]:From the perspective of financial function evolution, this paper discusses the changes of China's financial institutions for 1800-1937 years. The central point of view is that the change of modern China's financial institutions is the product of the evolution of modern China's financial function, and the evolution of financial function is essentially a process of continuous differentiation and realization. The basic operating mechanism in this process is the association. The study of this problem is based on two main purposes. One is to explore the characteristics and internal relations of the changes of the main financial institutions in the different stages of the development of modern China's financial industry in order to better understand the changing rules of the Chinese financial institutions. Two, on this basis, provide theoretical support and calendar for the current and future development of China's banking industry. The history of learning.
From the above considerations, this paper studies the changes of modern China's financial institutions from two aspects of theoretical deduction and historical analysis. In the theoretical deduction, we try to combine the financial vicissitude with the social and economic change principles to study the concepts of energy, structure and activity in the theory of social change, and extract the "function" The internal demand of system complexity simplification, structure is the actual operation state of this demand, function is the internal mechanism of structure change, the basic viewpoint of analyzing the changes of social and economic system. On this basis, it explains the concept of financial function, financial function differentiation and realization, gold melting change and so on, analyzes the function of the financial system and the function of the financial system. The relationship between the structure and the internal mechanism of the financial institution changes, and the integration of the related theories of financial changes, and the functional coordination view of the financial change is put forward. It is believed that the financial function is essentially a simplified demand for the complexity and uncertainty of the financial system, and its evolution process is the continuous differentiation of this simple demand. The realization process, around the differentiation and Realization of the function, changes all the elements of the financial system and the system of the financial system, and the core operation mechanism of the change is the coordination mechanism. As one of the financial elements or the financial system, the internal mechanism of the changes of financial institutions is also around the differentiation of financial functions, and the adaptation process or movement of the financial institutions to this differentiation. The process of state coordination is the realization of financial function. In this paper, the original motivation of functional differentiation and system change is analyzed. In general, the two major motivations of spontaneity (induced) and planned (mandatory) play a common role in the process of change, but the role of the two in different stages is different. Spontaneity plays a major role and sometimes planning plays a major role.
According to the coordination view of financial function, the change of Chinese financial institutions in the past 1800-1937 years is also a process of adaptation to function differentiation and realization. From the object of financial system, the general evolution order of financial function is commercial financial service - government financial service - industrial finance service, which can be divided into three stages. In the first 1800-1840 years, the growth of financial institutions is the main line of analysis. The motivation of the market spontaneity - the increase of the volume of long - distance commodity trade and the complicated and chaotic monetary system, promote the function of commercial finance to differentiate from the traditional agricultural society, and the realization of this function, the domestic financial institutions are not In the second phase and 1841-1894 years, the second stage of the transformation of financial institutions. From the regional perspective, with the increase of the trade ports and the deepening of the social nature of the semi colonies in China, the financial function of this stage is first divided into two parts of the port and the mainland commercial port, and the content of each part of the functional demand is different. The financial work of the mainland can still be based on the traditional agricultural society and the market is induced. The commercial financial flow and credit scale of the long distance trade have increased further. The commercial financial service functions of the banks and the ticket numbers continue to expand. At the same time, the financial functions of the ports have begun to change to the industrial society. The mandatory role of foreign forces and the institutional change of their own governments have gradually increased to the financial system. This divides the new financial function demand - the induced government financial service function and the mandatory industrial financial service function. In the realization of the two new functions, the financial institutions show different adaptations. The ticket number has played an important role in the realization of the government financial service function, but the realization of the function of industrial finance service is mainly based on the realization of the function of the industrial financial service. In spite of this, the votes, banks, and foreign banks have formed their own advantages in the process of competing and realizing different functions, and they can complement and support each other and jointly promote the smooth development of the financial industry. In the third stage and 1895-1937 years, the analysis of the transformation of financial institutions as the main line is carried out. The modern factors of the modern Chinese financial system have been greatly enhanced. The main manifestation is that the government intervenes in the economy greatly, the national industrial and commercial capital and the state-owned industrial and commercial capital are developing rapidly, the function differentiation is consistent with this, the government financial service function has the tendency to change from the induced to the mandatory, and the function of industrial and commercial financial services. In this stage, the function of the financial institutions has different characteristics, and the financial institutions, such as the banks and the ticket numbers, have formed a passive preference around the realization of the traditional commercial financial services based on the inducement, and more focused on the planned or mandatory government financial service functions and the industrial financial service functions. In order to realize it, the financial institutions have a higher request form of initiative innovation. Around the differentiation and Realization of these functions, the financial institutions show a multi line change form. The ticket number is hindered by the failure of the coordination with the external social changes. The status of the financial industry has changed greatly, and the bank that is more able to meet the needs of the government and industrial financial services has become the dominant force in the financial industry. In particular, with the gradual strengthening of the government's financial control, the official banks have monopolized the domestic financial market in the late 1930s. In addition, the government's rational work has been done. In advance, the overall function of the financial industry has been enhanced, and the ability to resist risks has been greatly enhanced.
In view of the important role of the government in the process of China's modernization, this paper makes a theoretical discussion on the role of the government in the realization of financial function and the way of its realization, and analyzes the relationship between institutional innovation and the change of financial institutions in combination with the reality of modern Chinese government intervention in finance.
Through the above research, this paper holds that first, the financial change is first a process of financial function evolution, which is mainly caused by activity. The evolution should refer to the differentiation and Realization of financial function, and the change of financial elements, including financial institutions, is the product and performance of this process. Second, the principle of change of financial institutions should be established in order to The financial function is based on the financial coordination mechanism of the basic analysis perspective. The dynamic process is realized by function to measure the internal and external coordination degree of the financial system, and the complex relationship of various dynamic changes and financial changes is examined through functional realization. The rise and fall of financial institutions depends on its function under this functional perspective. Adaptability and efficiency, institutional adaptability, stable development and weak institutional adaptability are eliminated. Third, the process of the function evolution of modern Chinese financial institutions can be roughly summed up as commercial financial services - government financial services - industrial financial services, and no alternative relations between front and back functions, but differentiation and progressive relations. The realization of energy depends not only on the innovation of the organization itself, but also on the institutional innovation of the government. Fourth, the coordination relationship between the financial function demand of modern China and institutions and institutions shows the trend of changing the active supply of institutions, institutions and institutions, but the process is slow, and the main reason is the supply of government system. Seriously lagging behind the requirements of the times, the government's institutional arrangements play a key role in the transformation of financial institutions in modern China.
There are four main innovations in this paper. First, the essence of the financial function is that the complexity of the financial system is simple and simple. By combing the general principle of social change, the essence of the system complexity and function is introduced into the financial function theory, and the function represents only a potential complex simplification requirement, and the structure, that is, the function realization, is this The actual operating state of the demand further deepens the understanding of the relationship between the financial structure and the financial function two. Two is a new financial change mechanism, the function coordination mechanism, which is the core concept of financial function realization. Financial change or institutional change is the actual process of financial function. In this process, whether it is beneficial to gold The convenient flow and allocation of resources is the most important criterion for measuring the internal factors of Finance and the coordination between finance and society and the economy, and further enriches the internal and external coordination mechanism of financial operation. Three it is the conclusion that the institutional innovation of the government is the most important external force to promote and realize the financial function of modern China. Using the view of financial function coordination, this paper analyzes the changes of financial function in modern China's financial institutions, which can not be realized or realized. The analysis shows that the function realization of modern Chinese financial institutions has experienced a gradual transition from passive following to active supply, but the leading role of the transformation is the government. The financial institutional arrangement or institutional innovation of the government has become the key to the promotion of the overall function of the Chinese financial industry. Four it is the characteristic that the activity of the modern Chinese financial institutions has a passive adaptation in the realization of the function. This characteristic does not yet constitute a hindrance to the commercial financial service function of the initiative and the realization of the government's financial service function. But it is not conducive to the realization of the industrial financial service function which requires higher initiative. Therefore, to improve the competitiveness of China's financial institutions, it is necessary to solve the problem of how to change the demand from the passive following functional demand to the active supply of functional demand. The analysis of the specific mechanism of its formation and the specific relationship between the financial elements and other issues should be further discussed. Two, in the analysis of the process of the changes in modern China's financial institutions, the coordination of the coordination between the financial instruments, financial institutions and the financial markets from the functional angle is not enough. It will be supplemented and perfected in future research.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：山西財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：F832.9

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