本文關(guān)鍵詞： 農(nóng)村金融改革 金融分權(quán) 新型農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)　出處：《西南財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)》2014年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：縱觀我國(guó)農(nóng)村金融30余年的改革,政府主導(dǎo)型的外生性金融擴(kuò)展一直是農(nóng)村金融改革的主線和方向。既有的改革舉措表明,政府一直試圖通過(guò)行政力量來(lái)擴(kuò)展農(nóng)村金融服務(wù)體系,以此來(lái)解決農(nóng)村金融供給不足的問(wèn)題,但是效果始終不盡如人意。為此從2006年起,政府開始轉(zhuǎn)變改革思路,希望通過(guò)引導(dǎo)和扶持農(nóng)村內(nèi)生性金融組織的成長(zhǎng)來(lái)解決農(nóng)村金融困境,新型農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)的出現(xiàn)即是該思路下的重要嘗試。2006年底,政府降低了農(nóng)村金融市場(chǎng)的進(jìn)入門檻,開展新型農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)的試點(diǎn)工作,引導(dǎo)各類資本到農(nóng)村設(shè)立新型農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu),并于2009年制定了《新型農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)2009-2011年總體工作安排》,計(jì)劃力爭(zhēng)通過(guò)三年的努力,再設(shè)立1300家左右新型農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu),優(yōu)先設(shè)立在我國(guó)農(nóng)村金融市場(chǎng)落后的中西部地區(qū),實(shí)現(xiàn)我國(guó)農(nóng)村金融空白地區(qū)的全覆蓋1。 新一輪的農(nóng)村金融改革,其背后的經(jīng)濟(jì)邏輯是：即政府在多次試圖通過(guò)對(duì)傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)的存量改革來(lái)破解中國(guó)農(nóng)村金融的發(fā)展難題卻屢遭失敗后,轉(zhuǎn)而寄希望于通過(guò)“增量培育”的“邊際式”改革來(lái)探索出一條新的發(fā)展道路。具有獨(dú)特信息優(yōu)勢(shì)的新型農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)成為了政府進(jìn)一步改善農(nóng)村金融環(huán)境的新希望。按照改革政策設(shè)計(jì)的初衷,“內(nèi)生于”農(nóng)村本地的新型農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu),能夠充分利用對(duì)地方“軟信息”的掌握來(lái)降低交易成本和鑒別風(fēng)險(xiǎn),確保信貸資金在農(nóng)村本地的內(nèi)部流轉(zhuǎn),滿足農(nóng)戶和農(nóng)村中小企業(yè)的信貸需求,增加“三農(nóng)”領(lǐng)域信貸資金的供給。更進(jìn)一步地,最理想的情況是在相關(guān)政策的引導(dǎo)下逐漸地“內(nèi)生”出一批既滿足現(xiàn)代農(nóng)村市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展需求,又具有自我可持續(xù)發(fā)展能力的金融機(jī)構(gòu)(組織)體系。 新型農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)的改革實(shí)踐,是從供給主體角度改善農(nóng)村金融市場(chǎng)困境的一次有益嘗試,從目前的發(fā)展情況來(lái)看,取得了一定的成功,對(duì)農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)產(chǎn)生了越來(lái)越明顯的積極影響,在一定程度上填補(bǔ)了部分農(nóng)村地區(qū)的金融服務(wù)空白,拓展了農(nóng)村金融市場(chǎng)覆蓋的廣度和深度,并且對(duì)完善農(nóng)村金融市場(chǎng)起到了積極的探索和實(shí)踐作用。 在理論分析部分,本文基于新型農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)與傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)的博弈模型,分析了新型農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)的不斷設(shè)立對(duì)農(nóng)村金融市場(chǎng)的影響。以村鎮(zhèn)銀行、資金互助社和小額貸款公司為代表的新型農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)將與以農(nóng)業(yè)銀行、農(nóng)村信用社為代表的傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)在農(nóng)村信貸客戶資源上展開競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。分析表明新型農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)在與傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)那些具有高信用等級(jí)和較大規(guī)模貸款需求的優(yōu)質(zhì)客戶時(shí)無(wú)明顯優(yōu)勢(shì)；而進(jìn)一步細(xì)分,村鎮(zhèn)銀行和農(nóng)村信用社將會(huì)在那些具有相對(duì)較高信用等級(jí)和貸款需求規(guī)模中等的客戶資源領(lǐng)域展開激烈競(jìng)爭(zhēng)；農(nóng)村資金互助社和小額貸款公司貸款能夠滿足那些缺少抵押擔(dān)保物、貸款需求規(guī)模小的客戶的融資需求。新型農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)能夠充分利用對(duì)地方“軟信息”的掌握進(jìn)行金融業(yè)務(wù)的創(chuàng)新活動(dòng),與傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)展開差異化的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。新型農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)從創(chuàng)新產(chǎn)品中的獲得的利潤(rùn)越高,其從事金融創(chuàng)新業(yè)務(wù)的積極性越高。 接著本文進(jìn)一步闡釋了,新型農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)的創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)對(duì)促進(jìn)農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)、提高農(nóng)民收入水平產(chǎn)生的積極影響及其各經(jīng)濟(jì)主體之間的相互作用機(jī)理。隨著新型農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)在農(nóng)村地區(qū)的大量涌現(xiàn),以及其開展的金融業(yè)務(wù)創(chuàng)新活動(dòng),打破了原來(lái)由農(nóng)業(yè)銀行、農(nóng)村信用社等壟斷農(nóng)村金融市場(chǎng)的不利局面,提高了農(nóng)村金融市場(chǎng)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)程度,充分競(jìng)爭(zhēng)降低了農(nóng)村地區(qū)的貸款利率,減輕了農(nóng)民和農(nóng)村中小企業(yè)的融資成本,增加和豐富了農(nóng)村金融產(chǎn)品的數(shù)量和種類。同時(shí),新型農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)開展創(chuàng)新業(yè)務(wù)的能力越強(qiáng),則其提供差異化的金融服務(wù)的能力越強(qiáng),能為農(nóng)村金融市場(chǎng)上不同層次的需求主體提供多樣性的金融產(chǎn)品和服務(wù),拓展了農(nóng)村金融市場(chǎng)的廣度和深度,使得更多的農(nóng)民和農(nóng)村小微企業(yè)從中受益,為解決“三農(nóng)”問(wèn)題提供強(qiáng)大助力。 最后本文的實(shí)證研究結(jié)果表明,新型農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)的培育對(duì)農(nóng)民收入增長(zhǎng)有正的促進(jìn)作用,從而為總結(jié)新型農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)的成功經(jīng)驗(yàn)和進(jìn)一步在全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)進(jìn)行推廣提供了實(shí)證支持。 本文的結(jié)論如下：第一,新型農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)改革的政策出臺(tái),降低了到農(nóng)村地區(qū)設(shè)立金融機(jī)構(gòu)的準(zhǔn)入門檻,新型農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)在農(nóng)村地區(qū)地大量涌現(xiàn),有利于降低農(nóng)村地區(qū)銀行業(yè)的集中程度,提高農(nóng)村金融市場(chǎng)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)程度,充分競(jìng)爭(zhēng)有助于降低了農(nóng)村貸款利率水平,減輕了農(nóng)民和農(nóng)村中小企業(yè)的融資成本,增加農(nóng)村金融產(chǎn)品的數(shù)量和種類,加快推動(dòng)農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)。第二,“內(nèi)生于”農(nóng)村本地區(qū)的新型農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)能夠充分利用對(duì)地方“軟信息”的掌握和自身的信息技術(shù)優(yōu)勢(shì)進(jìn)行金融業(yè)務(wù)的創(chuàng)新活動(dòng),為農(nóng)村金融市場(chǎng)上不同層次的需求主體提供多樣性的金融產(chǎn)品和服務(wù),與傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)展開差異化的競(jìng)爭(zhēng),提高了農(nóng)村地區(qū)的金融支持水平,拓展了農(nóng)村金融市場(chǎng)覆蓋地廣度和深度。 文章的具體結(jié)構(gòu)如下： 第一章,是本文的引言部分,具體包括選題背景,研究的目的和意義,國(guó)內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀,研究的思路和框架以及所用到的研究方法。 第二章,我國(guó)農(nóng)村金融體制改革歷程回顧。從連續(xù)的歷史視角回顧和梳理了我國(guó)農(nóng)村金融改革的歷程。接著分析了“財(cái)政分權(quán)——金融集權(quán)”基本框架下的金融分權(quán)趨向。最后詳細(xì)介紹當(dāng)前我國(guó)農(nóng)村金融市場(chǎng)的基本格局以及新型農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀。 第三章,我國(guó)農(nóng)村金融改革背后的經(jīng)濟(jì)邏輯：基于金融分權(quán)視角的分析。從政府主導(dǎo)的正規(guī)金融部門改革和自發(fā)性的非正規(guī)金融部門改革兩方面展開,通過(guò)我國(guó)農(nóng)村金融體制分權(quán)式改革中各利益主體之間的相互作用和影響,對(duì)農(nóng)村正規(guī)金融改革和非正規(guī)金融改革之間的差異進(jìn)行了分析。 第四章,新型農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)的培育對(duì)農(nóng)村金融市場(chǎng)的影響分析。首先構(gòu)建了一個(gè)包含兩種不同類型的金融機(jī)構(gòu)的博弈模型,其次理論研究了新型農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)入農(nóng)村金融市場(chǎng)后對(duì)市場(chǎng)中各經(jīng)濟(jì)主體的影響以及各經(jīng)濟(jì)主體之間相互作用的機(jī)理,及由此給本地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)和農(nóng)民收入增長(zhǎng)帶來(lái)的積極影響。 第五章,是文章的實(shí)證部分。本章在前文理論分析的基礎(chǔ)上,通過(guò)構(gòu)建了一個(gè)描述農(nóng)村金融支持與農(nóng)民收入增長(zhǎng)之間關(guān)系的計(jì)量模型。并利用全國(guó)25個(gè)省份從1995年至2012年的面板數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行實(shí)證檢驗(yàn),結(jié)果表明新型農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)的培育提高了農(nóng)村金融支持水平,對(duì)農(nóng)民收入水平的提高有正的促進(jìn)作用。從而為總結(jié)新型農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)的成功經(jīng)驗(yàn)和進(jìn)一步在全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)進(jìn)行推廣提供了實(shí)證支持。 第六章,是本文的結(jié)論、建議與展望部分。首先按照文章的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)總結(jié)了本文的主要觀點(diǎn)。其次分別從政策扶持、外部環(huán)境建設(shè)、金融創(chuàng)新支持、組織管理完善等方面有針對(duì)性地提出了深化農(nóng)村金融改革的政策建議。最后指出了本文研究過(guò)程中存在的不足之處以及說(shuō)明了未來(lái)的改進(jìn)方向。 當(dāng)然本文也存在許多不足。例如,本文沒有對(duì)農(nóng)村金融市場(chǎng)中的相關(guān)微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)主體的行為進(jìn)行具體觀察分析,限于微觀數(shù)據(jù)的缺乏,僅僅分析了新型農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)相關(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)主體的一般性宏觀影響。也沒有對(duì)新型農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)的進(jìn)行實(shí)地調(diào)查,和對(duì)一些實(shí)務(wù)中出現(xiàn)的具有代表性的制度、產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)創(chuàng)新做進(jìn)一步的分析和總結(jié)。這些不足有待筆者在今后的研究中做改進(jìn)。
[Abstract]:The reform of rural finance in China for more than 30 years, the government dominated the exogenous financial expansion has been the main line and the direction of rural financial reform. The reform measures show that the government has been trying to expand the rural financial service system through the administrative power, in order to solve the problem of insufficient supply of rural finance, but the results are not always satisfactory. So since 2006, the government began to reform changes, hope to solve the rural financial difficulties through the guidance and support of rural financial organizations endogenous growth, the emergence of new rural financial institutions is an important attempt to.2006 the way of the end, the government reduced the rural financial market entry barriers, to carry out the pilot work of new rural financial institutions the guide all kinds of capital to the establishment of new rural financial institutions in rural areas, and in 2009 formulated the "new rural financial institutions 2009-2011 years overall. To make arrangements, we plan to strive to establish 1300 new rural financial institutions through three years' efforts. First, we will set priorities in China's rural financial market, and achieve the full coverage of China's rural financial blank areas. 1.
The new round of rural financial reform, the economic logic behind it is that the government in many attempts to development problems through the traditional rural financial institution reform to break China rural finance has been repeatedly failed, and in the hope that "incremental training" and "marginal" reform to explore a new the development of the road. The new rural financial institutions has a unique advantage of the information has become the new hope that the government to further improve the rural financial environment. According to the reform policy of the original intention of the design, the "new rural financial institutions within the rural local, can make full use of local soft information control to reduce transaction costs and risk identification, ensure the local rural credit funds in the internal circulation, meet the needs of farmers and rural SMEs credit demand, increase the" three rural "areas of the supply of credit funds. Further, the most Under the guidance of relevant policies, the ideal situation is gradually producing a number of financial institutions (Organization) systems that meet the needs of modern rural market economic development and have the capacity of self sustainable development.
Reform and practice of the new rural financial institutions is a beneficial attempt to improve the plight of the rural financial market from the supply perspective, the current development situation, and has achieved some success, produced positive effect more and more obvious to the rural economic growth, to a certain extent, fill in the blank of financial services in rural areas and expand the breadth and depth of coverage of the rural financial market, and to improve the rural financial market has played a positive role in exploration and practice.
In the part of theoretical analysis, the game model of new rural financial institutions and the traditional rural financial institutions based on the analysis of the establishment of new rural financial institutions continue to impact on the rural financial market. The rural banks, the new type of rural financial institutions fund cooperatives and microfinance company as the representative of the will and the Agricultural Bank, the traditional rural finance mechanism of rural credit cooperatives as the representative of the competition in rural credit customer resources. Analysis shows that the new rural financial institutions in rural financial institutions and the traditional competition with high credit rating and larger loan demand high quality customers without obvious advantage; and further subdivided, rural banks and rural credit cooperatives will be in those with relatively high credit grade and scale of the secondary loan demand customer resources competition; the rural fund cooperatives and microfinance. Our loans can meet the lack of collateral, loan demand small customer financing needs. The new rural financial institutions to make full use of the local master "soft information" of the financial business innovation activities, carry out differentiated competition with the traditional rural financial institutions. The new rural financial institutions from innovative products in the the higher the profit, which actively engages in the business of financial innovation is higher.
Then the paper further explains that the new rural financial institutions innovative activities to promote rural economic growth, the interaction mechanism between the positive influence and improve the income level of farmers and produce various economic entities. With the new rural financial institutions in rural areas are flooded, and the development of financial business innovation, breaking the original by agriculture the bank, the unfavorable situation of rural credit cooperatives and other rural financial market monopoly, improve the degree of competition in rural financial market, full competition reduces the rural loan interest rate, reduce the farmers and rural small and medium-sized enterprise financing cost, increase and enrich the quantity and types of rural financial products. At the same time, the new rural financial institutions business innovation is stronger, the ability to provide differentiated financial services more strong, to the rural financial market with different levels of demand The main body provides diversified financial products and services, expanding the breadth and depth of the rural financial market, enabling more farmers and rural small and micro businesses to benefit from it, providing a powerful support for solving the "three rural issues".
Finally, the empirical research results show that the cultivation of new rural financial institutions has a positive role in promoting the growth of farmers' income, thus providing empirical support for the successful experience of new rural financial institutions and further promotion in the whole country.
The conclusions of this paper are as follows: first, the new rural financial institutions reform policies to reduce rural areas set up barriers to entry of financial institutions, the emergence of a large number of new rural financial institutions in rural areas, to reduce the degree of concentration of the banking sector in rural areas, improve the degree of competition in rural financial market, full competition will help reduce the rural loan interest rates, reduce the farmers and rural small and medium-sized enterprise financing cost, increase the number and types of rural financial products, accelerate rural economic growth. Second, the "new rural financial institutions in rural areas in" this can make full use of information technology to the local "soft information" and their own master the financial business innovation activities, provide a variety of financial products and services for the rural financial market needs of different levels of subject, and the traditional rural areas The differential competition of financial institutions has raised the level of financial support in rural areas and expanded the breadth and depth of rural financial markets.
The concrete structure of the article is as follows:
The first chapter is the introduction part, including the background, the purpose and significance of the research, the research situation at home and abroad, the train of thought and framework, and the research methods used.
The second chapter reviews the reform process of China's rural financial system. From the historical perspective of continuous review and combing the history of China's rural financial reform. Then analyzes the tendency of "fiscal decentralization, financial centralization" of the basic framework of financial decentralization. The current situation of the development of the basic pattern of the current market of China's rural finance and new rural financial institutions at the end of the paper in detail.
The third chapter, the economic logic behind the reform of rural finance in China: Analysis Based on the perspective of financial decentralization. From two aspects of government led the formal financial sector reform and spontaneous informal financial sector reform, through the interaction and influence between the various stakeholders in China's rural financial system of decentralization reform, the differences between the rural the formal and informal financial reform and financial reform are analyzed.
The fourth chapter, analysis of the impact of the cultivation of new rural financial institutions in rural financial market. Firstly constructs a game model contains two different types of financial institutions, the interaction mechanism between the theory of new rural financial institutions in the rural financial market impact on various economic entities in the market and the economic subject thus, and positive influence to economic growth in the region and farmers' income growth brings.
The fifth chapter is the empirical part of the article. Based on the previous theoretical analysis in this chapter, through the construction of a description of the relationship between the growth of rural financial support and farmers' income measurement model. And using panel data of 25 provinces of China from 1995 to 2012, the empirical test results show that the cultivation of new rural financial institutions to improve the rural financial support level has a positive effect on the improvement of farmers' income level. So as to summarize the successful experience of the new rural financial institutions nationwide and further provide empirical support for promotion.
The sixth chapter is the conclusion of this paper, suggestions and prospects. Firstly, according to the logic structure of this article summarizes the main viewpoints of this thesis. Second, from the external environment, policy support, financial support for innovation, perfect organization and management aspects are proposed to deepen rural financial reform policy recommendations. Finally, points out the shortcomings in the course of this study as well as the direction of future improvement.
Of course, this paper also has many deficiencies. For example, detailed observation and analysis of the behavior was not related to the microscopic economic subject of the rural financial market, limited to the lack of micro data, only analysis the general macroeconomic impact on related economic subject of new rural financial institutions. There is no sound on the new rural financial institutions conduct on-the-spot investigation, and for some practice in the representative system, the innovation of products and services to do a thorough analysis and summary. The author makes these shortcomings to be improved in future research.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：F832.35

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