本文關鍵詞：上海金融中心功能研究1927-1937　出處：《中央財經(jīng)大學》2014年博士論文　論文類型：學位論文

  更多相關文章： 上海金融中心 金融聚集 金融輻射

【摘要】：世界近代史以來崛起的大國,有一個共同的特征,就是這些國家都有一個功能強大的國際金融中心。金融中心不僅為所在國的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展給予足夠的資金支持,而且還提高了該國在世界經(jīng)濟的影響力。經(jīng)過改革開放30多年的發(fā)展,我國已經(jīng)成為全球第二大經(jīng)濟體和第一大貿(mào)易國,綜合國力不斷提升。將上海國際金融中心建設上升為國家發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的高度,是實現(xiàn)中華民族偉大復興的必然選擇。當前上海國際金融中心建設取得了可喜的成績,但是上海國際金融中心的建設還面臨著制度性約束、國際化水平低和人才不足等障礙,這些問題的解決需要考慮上海金融中心的定位。以史為鑒,在二十世紀三十年代,上海有著遠東國際金融中心的聲譽。本文通過對1927-1937年上海金融中心功能進行研究,為今天上海金融中心建設和上海金融中心功能定位提供經(jīng)驗借鑒。本文著重研究近代上海金融中心的功能,力求從功能的角度對近代上海金融中心進行深入的研究。全文主要內(nèi)容為四部分:第一部分是上海金融中心地位的確立。分析了上海金融中心的形成背景:基于全球化的視角分析上海金融中心形成的時代背景,介紹了上海的自然地理條件,分析了上海成為中國的多功能的經(jīng)濟中心。然后介紹了開埠前后近代上海金融業(yè)的發(fā)展,為上海金融中心地位的確立奠定了基礎。上海金融中心地位的形成是在二十世紀二十年代末期和三十年代初期,上海金融業(yè)經(jīng)過了北洋政府時期的快速發(fā)展和國民政府時期的穩(wěn)步發(fā)展,上海成為中國的金融中心。第二部分是關于上海金融資源聚集功能。這一部分分析上海金融中心的金融資源的聚集功能,近代上海是我國貨幣和金融工具的發(fā)行中心;上海擁有各種類型的金融機構,銀行和非銀行金融機構,現(xiàn)代和傳統(tǒng)的金融機構,外資和中資金融機構,還有金融業(yè)輔助機構;近代上海金融市場涵蓋了貨幣市場、證券市場、匯兌市場、標金市場和條銀市場,成為中國極具影響力的金融市場。第三部分是關于上海是金融人才、信息、制度和服務的中心。近代上海金融業(yè)的發(fā)展和金融中心功能的發(fā)揮離不開有著現(xiàn)代管理經(jīng)驗的一批銀行家,同時上海還匯集和培養(yǎng)了大量的有經(jīng)驗的金融從業(yè)人員。上海作為近代中國的現(xiàn)代通訊事業(yè)的中心,自然就成為信息集散的中心。隨著現(xiàn)代通訊技術的發(fā)展,為信息的集散提供了技術基礎,提高了信息集散的速度。早期銀行都是各自為戰(zhàn),各自建立了自己的調(diào)查機構,后聯(lián)合起來成立征信所,提高了信息聚散能力。近代上海是我國金融制度創(chuàng)新的中心,國民政府上臺后奠定了宏觀金融制度的基礎,金融同業(yè)組織建立了行業(yè)的規(guī)章制度以及規(guī)范的業(yè)務制度。具有創(chuàng)新意識的銀行家,以服務社會為理念,不斷進行服務和產(chǎn)品的創(chuàng)新,提高了銀行的服務能力和水平。很多金融服務和產(chǎn)品都為國內(nèi)首創(chuàng),起到了示范和引領的作用。最后一部分關于農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟晚期的上海金融中心輻射功能體現(xiàn)在三個方面:第一,建立了支付結算體系,方便貿(mào)易的支付與結算,促進了進出口貿(mào)易和埠際貿(mào)易,經(jīng)營匯兌成為商業(yè)銀行主要的利潤來源之一。第二,近代上海金融中心執(zhí)掌全國資金定價,通過同業(yè)拆借利率、申匯價格、外匯匯價和存貸款利率影響區(qū)域經(jīng)濟和全國經(jīng)濟。第三,近代上海為全國的投融資服務中心,不僅是外資和僑資的投資中心,也是國內(nèi)資金的聚散地,因而上海成為國民政府財政融資的籌集地,近代中國的工商企業(yè)的籌資也依賴于上海的金融界。通過以上分析可得出如下結論:一是,近代上海聚集金融資源的優(yōu)勢非常強,是貨幣與金融工具發(fā)行的中心,有著健全的金融機構體系,有現(xiàn)代的銀行、保險和信托等金融機構,也有以錢莊為代表的中國本土特色的傳統(tǒng)的金融機構,加上各種金融同業(yè)組織,形成了近代上海金融機構體系;建立了較為完善的金融市場體系,有主導全國資金定價的同業(yè)拆借市場,有遠東最大的證券市場,還有由標金、條銀和外匯市場構成的中國國際匯兌市場。二是,近代上海在金融人才、信息、制度和服務方面體現(xiàn)出了聚集優(yōu)勢。金融人才齊聚上海,尤其是銀行家的聚集,推動了上海金融業(yè)乃至全國金融業(yè)的發(fā)展。上海是近代中國經(jīng)濟金融信息的集散地,借助現(xiàn)代的通信設施,銀行建立調(diào)查部收集和處理信息,通過內(nèi)部刊物或者金融行業(yè)期刊傳送信息。上海是近代中國金融制度創(chuàng)新的中樞,國民政府上臺后,采取了強制的金融變遷,奠定了宏觀金融制度的基礎,金融行業(yè)和業(yè)務制度隨之進行了調(diào)整。上海在金融服務上開中國之先河,成為全國各地學習和模仿的對象。三是,對于由農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟向商品經(jīng)濟轉軌時期的近代中國來說,上海作為金融中心主要是通過支付結算、資金定價和投融資功能,對全國和區(qū)域經(jīng)濟展現(xiàn)了輻射能力。上海金融中心不僅促進了上海本地的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展,還促進了腹地經(jīng)濟的繁榮,對全國經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展也起到了積極的作用;四是,近代上海金融中心的形成和功能的發(fā)揮得益于上海的經(jīng)濟優(yōu)勢,作為中國的航運、貿(mào)易和經(jīng)濟的中心,上海經(jīng)濟的輻射能力奠定了金融中心功能發(fā)揮的經(jīng)濟基礎;上海金融中心功能的發(fā)揮還得益于國民政府上臺后所推出的經(jīng)濟金融政策,尤其是中央銀行成立、廢兩改元和法幣政策的實施,進一步提升和擴大了上海金融中心的聚集和輻射功能;再者金融業(yè)同業(yè)組織對金融中心功能的發(fā)揮起到了關鍵性的作用,在缺乏制度保障的近代中國,金融同業(yè)組織不僅起到了自律監(jiān)管、行業(yè)規(guī)范和團結協(xié)作的功能,還承擔了部分政府的職能;上海金融市場具有自由、開放和國際性特征,增加了上海金融的活力和聚集力。五是,上海金融中心聚集的功能比較強,輻射能力和范圍受到制約,主要源于中國近代的農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟和連年的戰(zhàn)亂,使得地域分割嚴重和缺乏穩(wěn)定的社會環(huán)境。法幣改革前上海金融的資金定價權為外資銀行所掌握,通過控制錢莊信用規(guī)模,影響上海同業(yè)拆借市場利率,影響資金的松緊,外資銀行完全成為了影子中央銀行,控制中國金融市場行市;外匯市場完全為外資銀行所壟斷,匯率的定價權也被外資銀行掌握,至此在1935年前,上海的資金定價權完全旁落,任由外資擺布。上海證券市場發(fā)展較為滯后,并且沒有起到證券市場對企業(yè)和經(jīng)濟發(fā)展提供直接融資支持的作用。上海金融市場的國際性更多的是作為連接和附屬地位而存在,缺乏足夠的影響力,并沒有成為具有國際融資功能和定價功能的國際金融中心。對近代上海金融中心功能的研究為今天上海金融中心建設提供了有益的啟示。一是,清晰定位上海金融中心功能。近期上海金融中心建設的目標就是要成為區(qū)域的國際金融中心,在將來隨著中國金融開放水平的提高和人民幣國際化的實現(xiàn),上海建設成為全球的國際金融中心�；谏鲜龆ㄎ�,上海金融中心聚集和輻射功能上也有不同的體現(xiàn)。近期上海金融中心聚集功能主要體現(xiàn)在上海是遠東地區(qū)資金、金融機構和金融市場的聚集中心,在金融人才、信息、制度和服務上也處于領先地位,輻射功能主要是跨國支付和結算功能、金融資產(chǎn)的定價和風險管理功能,并通過價格機制和風險轉移機制,實現(xiàn)對財富的再分配以及資源的再分配。長期上海成為全球的金融中心,其聚集和輻射功能擴展至全球。二是,夯實上海本地經(jīng)濟實力,今日上海已經(jīng)是中國的航運、貿(mào)易和工業(yè)中心,奠定了上海成為金融中心的基礎,但是要將上海建設為國際金融中心,還需提高上海的經(jīng)濟實力。首先要大力發(fā)展上海和腹地先進的制造業(yè),鼓勵技術創(chuàng)新,提高出口產(chǎn)品的附加價值,變中國制造為中國創(chuàng)造,增強出口的抗風險能力。其次要加強和腹地經(jīng)濟的聯(lián)系,擴大腹地經(jīng)濟范圍。通過產(chǎn)業(yè)轉移和產(chǎn)業(yè)分工協(xié)作,發(fā)揮腹地經(jīng)濟的優(yōu)勢,提高上海經(jīng)濟的聚集力和輻射力。同時要擴大上海經(jīng)濟腹地的范圍,沿著長江擴展到廣大的中西部地區(qū),不僅能帶動中西部地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展,還能夠提高上海的整體經(jīng)濟實力。三是,近代上海金融業(yè)在1935年的法幣改革前是自由和開放的,金融業(yè)的發(fā)展和金融制度的變遷屬于誘致性的變遷,市場發(fā)揮主導作用。典型的表現(xiàn)在利率和匯率的市場化程度比較高,資金可自由流動,無論是經(jīng)常項目和資本項目均進出自由。時下中國的利率和匯率還未完全市場化,并且資本賬戶還沒有開放,資本不能自由進出,這些無疑是上海國際金融中心建設要面臨的制度性障礙。因此要進一步加快利率市場化改革,深化匯率制度改革,漸進的開放資本賬戶,實現(xiàn)人民幣的可自由兌換,推進人民幣的區(qū)域化和國際化。四是,強化金融機構的聚集效應。當前上海金融機構聚集能力不僅遠遜于紐約和倫敦,而且還落后于東京、香港和新加坡。因此上海要建設成為遠東的國際金融中心,還要加強金融機構聚集能力。首先吸引國內(nèi)外重要金融機構;其次,加快發(fā)展上海本地法人金融機構;最后,加快發(fā)展新型金融業(yè)態(tài)。五是,當前上海國際金融中心建設面臨著金融人才短缺的難題,尤其缺乏具有國際金融市場工作經(jīng)驗的高端人才,為此要制定短期的人才引進計劃,中、長期的人才培養(yǎng)方案。首先是要創(chuàng)造條件,吸引全球一流人才;其次加快人事制度改革和人才市場的發(fā)展,創(chuàng)造有利的事業(yè)發(fā)展環(huán)境;最后要加強金融人才的教育和培訓。本文的創(chuàng)新點:一是,從功能的角度研究近代上海金融中心。以往對上海金融中心的研究更多側重于上海金融中心的形成背景、條件、影響等方面,而鮮有對于上海金融中心功能的研究。通過對近代上海金融中心功能的研究,使得對上海金融中心的研究更完善和深入。二是,本文以金融產(chǎn)業(yè)聚集和輻射理論作為理論基礎,對近代上海金融中心功能進行了動態(tài)的界定。三是,本文創(chuàng)造性地把金融人才、信息、制度和服務作為金融中心聚集功能,并對近代上海金融中心在金融人才、信息、制度和服務方面進行了詳細的分析,更為全面地刻畫了近代上海金融中心的特征。
[Abstract]:The rise of modern world history since the country, have a common feature, is that these countries have a powerful international financial center. The financial center not only for the country's economic development give adequate financial support, but also improve the country in the world economy. After 30 years of reform and opening up development and China has become the world's second largest economy and the largest trading nation, comprehensive national strength continued to improve. The construction of Shanghai international financial center will rise to the height of national development strategies, is the inevitable choice to realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. The construction of Shanghai international financial center has made gratifying achievements, but the construction of Shanghai international financial center facing institutional constraints, the internationalized level is low and the lack of talent and other obstacles, these problems need to consider the location of Shanghai financial center. In history, twenty In 30s, Shanghai has an international financial center in the Far East reputation. Based on the research of 1927-1937 Shanghai financial center, to provide experience for today the development of Shanghai financial center and financial center of Shanghai. This paper focuses on the function of modern Shanghai financial center, and strive to from a functional point of view in-depth Study on modern Shanghai financial center. The main content of this paper consists of four parts: the first part is the establishment of the Shanghai financial center status. Analysis of the formation background of Shanghai financial center: analysis of Shanghai financial center formed the background of globalization from the perspective of the natural geographical conditions of Shanghai, analyzes the Shanghai become the economic center of the multifunctional Chinese. Then introduced the development of modern financial industry in Shanghai before and after the opening, laid the foundation for the establishment of Shanghai's financial center of Shanghai finance. The formation of heart position is at the beginning of the end of 1920s and 30s, Shanghai's financial industry after the steady development of the rapid development of Beiyang government and the national government period, Shanghai became the Chinese financial center. The second part is about the Shanghai financial resources aggregation. This part of the financial resources aggregation analysis of Shanghai financial center, modern Shanghai is China's monetary and financial tools in distribution center; financial institutions in Shanghai have various types of banks and non bank financial institutions, modern and traditional financial institutions, and foreign funded financial institutions, and financial aid agencies; modern Shanghai financial market covers the money market, stock market, foreign exchange market, gold market and the silver market, become Chinese influential financial market. The third part is about the Shanghai financial talent, information, system and service The center of the play. The development of modern Shanghai financial industry and financial center function cannot do without a modern management experience of a group of bankers, Shanghai also collected and cultivated a large number of experienced financial professionals. As a modern communication center of Shanghai China the cause of modern, naturally become the distribution center with information. The development of modern communication technology, provides the technical foundation for the distribution of information, improve the information distribution rate. Early banks are to establish their investigation agencies fight the enemy separately, their own, after together to set up credit, improve information gathering ability. Modern Shanghai is China's financial system innovation center, the National Government took office after the foundation of macro financial system, financial industry organization established industry regulations and norms of the business system. The innovative banker, to serve the community As the concept of continuous innovation of products and services, improve service ability and level of the bank. Many financial services and products for the domestic initiative, has played an exemplary and leading role. The last part of the agricultural economy in the late Shanghai financial center radiation function embodied in three aspects: first, the establishment of the payment and settlement the payment and settlement system, facilitate trade, promote the import and export trade and domestic trade, foreign exchange business has become one of the main source of profit of commercial banks. In second, the modern Shanghai financial center in the national capital pricing, through the interbank interest rate, foreign exchange rate and the price of the bill, deposit and loan interest rates affect the regional economy and national economy. Third in modern times, Shanghai to the country's investment and financing service center, is not only the foreign and overseas Chinese investment center, and is also the domestic funds, so Shanghai has become the national government fiscal financing The raise, the modern industrial and commercial enterprises China financing also depends on Shanghai's financial sector. Through the above analysis, the following conclusions can be drawn: first, the modern Shanghai gather financial resources is very strong, monetary and financial instruments issued by the center, with a sound financial system, modern banking, insurance and trust and other financial institutions, financial institutions also have with banks as a representative of the local characteristics of the traditional Chinese, plus a variety of financial organizations, formed the modern Shanghai financial institutions system; establishing perfect financial market system, leading the national capital pricing in the interbank market, the Far East has the largest stock market, as well as by gold, silver and foreign exchange market. China international exchange market. The two is that in the modern Shanghai financial talent, information, system and service reflects the advantage of gathering financial professionals gathered in Shanghai, Especially the bankers gathered, to promote the development of the financial industry in Shanghai and even the whole financial industry. Shanghai is the center of modern Chinese economic and financial information, with the help of modern communication facilities, the establishment of the Bank of investigation department to collect and process information, through internal publications or financial industry journal information. Shanghai is the central Chinese modern financial system innovation, the national government took office, to take the change of financial force, laid the foundation of macro financial system, financial industry and business system adjust. Shanghai in the financial services provided Chinese precedent, as all over the country to learn and imitate. The three is for from agricultural economy to commodity economy during the transition period in modern China, Shanghai as a financial center is mainly through the payment and settlement, capital pricing and financing function of national and regional economic show Shanghai radiation. The financial center has not only promoted the local economic development in Shanghai, but also promoted the hinterland of economic prosperity, the development of the national economy has played a positive role; the four is the form and function of modern Shanghai financial center of the play to benefit from Shanghai's economic advantages, as China shipping, trade and economic center, radiation the ability of Shanghai's economy has laid the economic basis function of financial center play; Shanghai financial center function also benefited from the launch of the national government's economic and financial policies, especially the central bank, the implementation of waste and two Gaiyuan legal tender policy, to further enhance and expand the aggregation and radiation function of the Shanghai financial center; play in the financial industry trade organization on the function of financial center plays a key role in the security of the system, the lack of modern China, financial organization to not only self-discipline supervision Pipe industry norms and cooperation function, also bear some of the functions of the government; the financial market of Shanghai has a free, open and international features, increase vitality and Shanghai financial agglomeration. Five, Shanghai financial center aggregation function is relatively strong, the radiation ability and scope is restricted, mainly due to the modern China the agricultural economy and the years of war, making the region segmentation is serious and lack of a stable social environment. The capital pricing of Shanghai finance currency reform before foreign banks have, by controlling the bank credit scale, Shanghai interbank market interest rates, the impact of capital elasticity of foreign banks has become the shadow of the central bank, financial control Chinese the market for foreign exchange market; completely monopolized by foreign banks, exchange rate pricing by foreign banks have so far, before 1935, capital pricing in Shanghai completely by Fall, let the foreign mercy. The Shanghai stock market development is relatively lagging behind, and did not play the stock market to provide direct financing to support the role of the enterprise and economic development. The international financial market in Shanghai is more connected and exists as a subordinate position, lack of force enough, did not become an international financing function and pricing function the international financial center. The research on the modern Shanghai financial center function provides beneficial inspiration for today's Shanghai financial center construction. First, clear positioning of Shanghai financial center. The recent Shanghai financial center construction's goal is to become a regional international financial center in the future, with the implementation and improve the level of financial openness Chinese RMB the internationalization of building Shanghai into an international financial centres in the world. Based on the above position, Shanghai financial center aggregation and radiation function are With the recent manifestation. Shanghai financial center aggregation is mainly reflected in the Shanghai Far East Center funds, financial institutions and financial markets, the financial information system and service personnel, and is also in the leading position, the radiation is the main function of cross-border payment and settlement functions, financial asset pricing and risk management functions, and through the price mechanism and risk transfer mechanism, implementation of the redistribution of wealth and resource redistribution. The long-term Shanghai become a global financial center, the aggregation and radiation function is extended to the world. In two, the Shanghai solid economic strength, Shanghai has today is Chinese shipping, trade and industrial center, laid the foundation of Shanghai to be the financial the center, but to the construction of Shanghai international financial center, to improve the economic strength of Shanghai. We should vigorously develop advanced manufacturing industry and the hinterland of Shanghai, to encourage. Technological innovation, increase the added value of export products, to create Chinese China variable manufacturing, to strengthen the export of anti risk ability. Secondly we should strengthen and expand the scope of the hinterland economy, hinterland economy. Through industrial transfer and industrial division of labor, play the hinterland economy advantage, improve Shanghai economic aggregation and radiation range. At the same time to expand the economic hinterland of Shanghai, along the Yangtze River to the vast central and western regions, can not only promote the economic development in central and western regions, but also can improve Shanghai's overall economic strength. The three is that the modern financial industry in Shanghai is free and open in 1935 before the currency reform, change the development of the financial industry and financial system belong to own market to play a leading role. The typical performance is relatively high in the degree of marketization of interest rate and exchange rate, capital can flow freely, both current and capital projects All freedom. Nowadays China interest rate and exchange rate is not fully market-oriented, and the capital account is not open, not free to import capital, which is undoubtedly the institutional obstacles to the construction of Shanghai international financial center to face. Therefore, to further accelerate the market-oriented interest rate reform, deepen the reform of exchange rate system, the gradual opening of the capital account, to achieve the yuan convertible, promote RMB regionalization and internationalization. The four is to strengthen the aggregation effect of financial institutions. The financial institutions in Shanghai gathered not only inferior to New York and London, but also behind Tokyo, Hongkong and Singapore. Therefore Shanghai should be built into the far east international financial center, but also to strengthen the agglomeration of financial institutions the ability to attract domestic and foreign financial institutions. First; secondly, to accelerate the development of Shanghai local corporate financial institutions; finally, accelerate the development of new financial formats five. At present, the construction of Shanghai international financial center is facing the problem of financial talent shortage, especially the lack of experience in the international financial market of high-end talent, it is necessary to formulate a short-term plan, the introduction of talent, talent cultivation plan long-term. The first is to create conditions to attract world-class talent; secondly, to accelerate the development of the reform of personnel system and personnel the market, create a favorable environment for development; finally must strengthen financial personnel education and training. The innovation of this paper: first, the research from the angle of function of modern Shanghai financial center. The previous research on Shanghai financial center more focused on Shanghai

【學位授予單位】：中央財經(jīng)大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：F832.9
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本文編號：1413065