【摘要】：化學(xué)農(nóng)藥安全使用關(guān)系到農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)、農(nóng)產(chǎn)品安全、人畜安全、環(huán)境安全、生態(tài)安全以及可持續(xù)發(fā)展等諸多方面�；瘜W(xué)農(nóng)藥安全使用面臨的挑戰(zhàn)，主要表現(xiàn)在3個(gè)方面：1產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整與種植模式的改變；2IPM跟不上時(shí)代的發(fā)展；3化學(xué)農(nóng)藥經(jīng)銷(xiāo)商的愿望和農(nóng)民的愿望與環(huán)境問(wèn)題的矛盾。針對(duì)此問(wèn)題，本研究采用問(wèn)卷調(diào)查、群眾座談、專(zhuān)家訪談等方法，，并結(jié)合搜集和查閱到的國(guó)內(nèi)外大量資料及文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)，對(duì)西安市化學(xué)農(nóng)藥安全使用現(xiàn)狀、存在問(wèn)題以及影響因素進(jìn)行了深入分析探討，期望為政府決策提供理論依據(jù)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)： 化學(xué)農(nóng)藥安全使用工作己經(jīng)在西安市開(kāi)展，通過(guò)制定化學(xué)農(nóng)藥安全使用推廣工作的實(shí)施方案和操作規(guī)程，加強(qiáng)化學(xué)農(nóng)藥安全使用技術(shù)的宣傳和培訓(xùn)，建立實(shí)驗(yàn)示范區(qū)，化學(xué)農(nóng)藥安全使用在西安市取得了較好的成果。 盡管如此，西安市化學(xué)農(nóng)藥安全使用仍存在的主要問(wèn)題：1、產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整與種植模式改變，但農(nóng)民使用化學(xué)農(nóng)藥的理念和方法未變。主要有：用藥不科學(xué)、安全隱患大；防護(hù)不重視、不規(guī)范，甚至放棄保護(hù)；保管不妥當(dāng)，不嚴(yán)密；藥害與隱形藥害逐年加重；農(nóng)民在購(gòu)買(mǎi)化學(xué)農(nóng)藥時(shí)，往往購(gòu)買(mǎi)見(jiàn)效快且毒性強(qiáng)、殘留大的藥劑。2、IPM跟不上時(shí)代發(fā)展。主要表現(xiàn)在：無(wú)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的整體觀念、“預(yù)防為主、綜合防治”的指導(dǎo)思想未能很好的貫徹實(shí)施，未能因時(shí)因地制宜，合理運(yùn)用農(nóng)業(yè)、生物、物理、化學(xué)的方法，及其他有效的生態(tài)手段控制病蟲(chóng)害，往往在病蟲(chóng)害爆發(fā)時(shí)，一味的使用化學(xué)農(nóng)藥，主張徹底的消滅有害生物種群；防治措施落后；組織化學(xué)農(nóng)藥培訓(xùn)及學(xué)習(xí)方面不夠；施藥器械和施藥技術(shù)依然比較落后等。3、化學(xué)農(nóng)藥經(jīng)銷(xiāo)商和農(nóng)民的愿望與環(huán)境問(wèn)題的矛盾。主要有：經(jīng)營(yíng)人員業(yè)務(wù)素質(zhì)普遍較低；化學(xué)農(nóng)藥經(jīng)營(yíng)場(chǎng)所和經(jīng)營(yíng)行為不規(guī)范；農(nóng)民在防治過(guò)程中，喜歡使用價(jià)錢(qián)便宜見(jiàn)效快的化學(xué)農(nóng)藥，而大多數(shù)環(huán)境友好的化學(xué)農(nóng)藥見(jiàn)效慢、價(jià)格較貴，不受農(nóng)民歡迎，環(huán)境友好型化學(xué)農(nóng)藥銷(xiāo)售量不大，化學(xué)農(nóng)藥經(jīng)銷(xiāo)商在利益的驅(qū)動(dòng)下，往往推銷(xiāo)一些非低毒、低殘留的藥劑，以獲取較大的利潤(rùn)為目的；在化學(xué)農(nóng)藥的管理方面：化學(xué)農(nóng)藥標(biāo)簽存在問(wèn)題突出。 針對(duì)西安市農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)實(shí)際，借鑒國(guó)內(nèi)外先進(jìn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，提出如下改進(jìn)措施和建議：1加強(qiáng)化學(xué)農(nóng)藥管理力度，強(qiáng)化標(biāo)簽標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化規(guī)范化管理，繼續(xù)強(qiáng)化化學(xué)農(nóng)藥市場(chǎng)監(jiān)督管理；2加強(qiáng)宣傳和引導(dǎo)，提高農(nóng)民的安全用藥意識(shí)；3加強(qiáng)化學(xué)農(nóng)藥安全使用知識(shí)宣傳和培訓(xùn)，理順化學(xué)農(nóng)藥安全使用技術(shù)推廣培訓(xùn)體系，提高農(nóng)民安全使用化學(xué)農(nóng)藥技術(shù)水平；4完善農(nóng)業(yè)推廣體系，建立健全農(nóng)產(chǎn)品安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系和市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入制度。
[Abstract]:The safe use of chemical pesticides is related to agricultural production, agricultural product safety, human and animal safety, environmental security, ecological security and sustainable development. The challenges faced by the safe use of chemical pesticides are mainly manifested in three aspects: (1) the adjustment of industrial structure and the change of planting mode; the failure of 2IPM to keep up with the development of the times; and (3) the contradiction between the wishes of chemical pesticide dealers and the wishes of farmers and environmental problems. In order to solve this problem, this study adopts the methods of questionnaire survey, mass discussion, expert interview and so on, and combined with a large number of domestic and foreign materials and literature data collected and consulted, analyzes and discusses the present situation, existing problems and influencing factors of the safe use of chemical pesticides in Xi'an City, hoping to provide a theoretical basis for government decision-making. It is found that the safe use of chemical pesticides has been carried out in Xi'an. Through formulating the implementation scheme and operation rules of the safe use of chemical pesticides, strengthening the propaganda and training of the safe use technology of chemical pesticides, and establishing the experimental demonstration area, the safe use of chemical pesticides has achieved good results in Xi'an. Nevertheless, there are still the main problems in the safe use of chemical pesticides in Xi'an: 1. The adjustment of industrial structure and the change of planting pattern, but the concept and method of using chemical pesticides by farmers have not changed. The main are: drug use is not scientific, safety hidden dangers are great; protection is not attached to, not standard, or even give up protection; improper custody, not strict; drug damage and invisible drug damage increased year by year; farmers in the purchase of chemical pesticides, often buy quick effect, strong toxicity, large residue of drugs. 2, IPM can not keep up with the development of the times. The main manifestations are as follows: the overall concept of no ecosystem, the guiding ideology of "prevention as the main factor, comprehensive control" has not been well implemented, failed to adapt to local conditions, reasonable use of agricultural, biological, physical, chemical methods, and other effective ecological means to control diseases and insect pests, often in the outbreak of diseases and insect pests, blindly use chemical pesticides, advocate the complete elimination of pest populations, control measures backward; The training and study of histochemical pesticides are not enough; the application equipment and application technology are still relatively backward and so on. 3. The desire of chemical pesticide dealers and farmers is in contradiction with environmental problems. The main contents are as follows: the business quality of the operators is generally low, the business place and behavior of chemical pesticides are not standardized, and the business behavior of chemical pesticides is not standardized. In the process of prevention and control, farmers like to use chemical pesticides with low price and quick effect, but most environmentally friendly chemical pesticides are slow, expensive, unpopular with farmers, and the sales volume of environmentally friendly chemical pesticides is not large. Chemical pesticide dealers, driven by interests, often promote some non-low toxicity and low residue pesticides for the purpose of obtaining greater profits. In the management of chemical pesticides: there are outstanding problems in the label of chemical pesticides. In view of the reality of agricultural production in Xi'an City and drawing lessons from the advanced experience at home and abroad, the following improvement measures and suggestions are put forward: (1) strengthening the management of chemical pesticides, strengthening the standardization and standardized management of labels, and continuing to strengthen the supervision and management of chemical pesticides market; (2) strengthening propaganda and guidance to improve farmers' awareness of safe drug use; (3) strengthen the propaganda and training of the knowledge of the safe use of chemical pesticides, straighten out the popularization and training system of the safe use technology of chemical pesticides, and improve the technical level of the safe use of chemical pesticides by farmers. (4) perfecting the agricultural extension system, establishing and perfecting the safety standard system and market access system of agricultural products.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：F426.72;S48

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