【摘要】：企業(yè)是市場活動的主體,而中小型企業(yè)構成了這一主體的大多數(shù),它們具有活躍市場的作用。中小型企業(yè)普遍具有投資少、規(guī)模小的特點,它們如何應對市場競爭,如何生存,近代的中小企業(yè)同樣要面對這些問題。在本文中,筆者試圖以鄂東南區(qū)域的煤礦企業(yè)為例,展現(xiàn)近代中小型企業(yè)的生產、管理和運銷狀況,為現(xiàn)代中小型企業(yè)的發(fā)展提供一定的啟示。近代鄂東南區(qū)域,以大冶為中心,形成了規(guī)�；牟衩荷a企業(yè)。本文圍繞下面幾個問題進行了探討。1.煤炭開發(fā)的背景。鄂東南區(qū)域煤炭儲量少、煤質一般,但濱臨長江的區(qū)位優(yōu)勢、漢口較早開埠的機遇,彌補了煤礦企業(yè)可能遇到的運輸和銷售方面的問題,加之洋務運動的鼓舞和“湖北新政”的刺激,鄂東南區(qū)域較早地出現(xiàn)了近代化的煤礦。2.煤礦企業(yè)的生產。筆者首先從煤礦區(qū)域、煤炭儲量、開采資金三個方面分析了該區(qū)域煤礦普遍規(guī)模小的特點。之后從生產力和生產關系兩個方面,依次敘述了煤礦的工人管理、生產技術的兩重性等問題�？偨Y了該區(qū)域煤礦的產量和在全國的地位,以指明眾煤礦企業(yè)雖小,但依然在近代有不俗的發(fā)展成就。3.煤礦企業(yè)的經(jīng)營形態(tài)。筆者從礦主的身份背景入手,分析了各煤礦的資本來源問題,并重點探討了利華煤礦與裕大華資本集團的關系。此外,又以廣濟煤礦用人問題為例,指出官辦煤礦的衙門作風和制度失范是其失敗的根本原因。4.煤礦企業(yè)的運銷。此章內容是本文的重點。筆者指出與煤號聯(lián)營是此類中小型煤礦的獨特銷售方式。同時又分析了各煤礦參與市場競爭的情況,本幫煤以低價將湖南煤趕出了武漢市場,而各煤礦之間由低價競爭走向分產合銷,避免了同業(yè)間的嚴重傾軋。此外,外煤傾銷又是各煤礦需要應對的棘手問題,然而在中法越南專約的影響下,各煤礦始終競爭不過鴻基煤。5.煤礦企業(yè)發(fā)展的不利因素。礦稅偏高和各類苛捐雜稅,是煤礦企業(yè)普遍面臨的問題。近代軍閥混戰(zhàn)和社會動蕩,加劇了煤炭生產的難度。各煤礦規(guī)模小,無力購買自己的船只,運輸上出現(xiàn)過一定的困難。此外,近代煤礦企業(yè)雖然在技術上有了很大的進步,但仍然遭遇了影響生產的礦難。在分析了以上各方面后,筆者以為中小企業(yè)的發(fā)展,一要靠自身的生產進步,二要政府提供優(yōu)越的發(fā)展環(huán)境,并合理引導,避免同業(yè)間的無謂競爭。
[Abstract]:Enterprises are the main body of market activities, and small and medium-sized enterprises constitute the majority of this main body, they play an active role in the market. Small and medium-sized enterprises generally have the characteristics of small investment and small scale. How to deal with the market competition and how to survive, the modern small and medium-sized enterprises have to face these problems. In this paper, the author tries to take the coal mining enterprises in southeast Hubei as an example to show the production, management and marketing situation of modern small and medium-sized enterprises, and to provide some enlightenment for the development of modern small and medium-sized enterprises. In the southeast of Hubei Province in modern times, a large-scale diesel coal production enterprise was formed with Daye as the center. This article has carried on the discussion around the following several questions. 1. Background of coal exploitation. The coal reserves in southeastern Hubei are small and the coal quality is general, but the location advantage of the Yangtze River and the opportunity of opening a port earlier in Hankou make up for the transportation and sales problems that coal mining enterprises may encounter. Combined with the encouragement of the Westernization Movement and the stimulation of the "Hubei New deal", modern coal mines appeared earlier in the southeast of Hubei Province. The production of coal mining enterprises Firstly, the author analyzes the characteristics of the small scale of coal mines in this area from three aspects: coal mining area, coal reserves and mining funds. Then, from two aspects of productive forces and production relations, this paper describes the management of coal mine workers, the duality of production technology and so on. This paper sums up the output of coal mine in this area and its status in the whole country, in order to point out that although many coal mining enterprises are small, they still have great achievements in modern times. The management form of coal mine enterprise. Starting with the background of mine owner, the author analyzes the source of capital in each coal mine, and probes into the relationship between Lihua coal mine and Yu Dahua Capital Group. In addition, taking Guangji coal mine as an example, it is pointed out that the malfunction of government run coal mine is the root cause of its failure. 4. Transportation and sales of coal mining enterprises This chapter is the focus of this paper. The author points out that the joint operation with the coal number is the unique selling way of this kind of medium and small coal mines. At the same time, the situation of participating in the market competition of each coal mine is analyzed. The coal of Hunan province is driven out of Wuhan market by the coal mine at low price, and the competition between each coal mine moves from the low price competition to the division of production and sale, thus avoiding the serious rolling in the same industry. In addition, the dumping of foreign coal is a thorny problem for coal mines. However, under the influence of Sino-French Vietnam treaty, coal mines have always been competitive with Hongji Coal. 5. Unfavorable factors for the development of coal mining enterprises. High mine tax and all kinds of exorbitant taxes are common problems faced by coal mining enterprises. Modern warlord melee and social unrest, increased the difficulty of coal production. Coal mines are small, unable to buy their own ships, transport difficulties. In addition, although the modern coal mining enterprises have made great progress in technology, they still encounter mining accidents that affect their production. After analyzing the above aspects, the author thinks that the development of small and medium-sized enterprises should depend on their own production progress, and the government should provide a favorable development environment and reasonable guidance to avoid unnecessary competition between the same industry.
【學位授予單位】：華中師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：F429

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