【摘要】：在當(dāng)代,教育捐贈(zèng)已成為具有多重價(jià)值和意蘊(yùn)的、須給予高度關(guān)注的重要問(wèn)題。教育捐贈(zèng)問(wèn)題跨越多個(gè)學(xué)科領(lǐng)域。從社會(huì)學(xué)視角來(lái)看,教育的社會(huì)資本是教育的社會(huì)關(guān)系和網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)資源,社會(huì)資本理論和社會(huì)責(zé)任理論為教育捐贈(zèng)提供了有力的理論支撐;從文化學(xué)視角來(lái)看,教育捐贈(zèng)文化在一定程度上是教育捐贈(zèng)制度演進(jìn)的初始條件與邏輯起點(diǎn);從教育學(xué)視角來(lái)看,教育捐贈(zèng)為教育籌集資金,并進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)教育更加注重自身內(nèi)涵發(fā)展,注重提高教育質(zhì)量、培養(yǎng)優(yōu)秀人才和服務(wù)社會(huì),從而有利于教育事業(yè)的整體發(fā)展乃至社會(huì)的文明和進(jìn)步;教育作為制度性的準(zhǔn)公共產(chǎn)品,從經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的角度證明了教育捐贈(zèng)的可行性。教育捐贈(zèng)作為社會(huì)資源的第三次分配形式,有利于優(yōu)化資源配置、調(diào)節(jié)貧富分化程度、促進(jìn)社會(huì)良性運(yùn)行與整體和諧;從倫理學(xué)的視角看,教育捐贈(zèng)的意蘊(yùn)已經(jīng)超出經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)領(lǐng)域,逐漸延伸向價(jià)值觀(guān)念、道德倫理等層面,教育捐贈(zèng)行為是經(jīng)濟(jì)行為與道德行為的統(tǒng)一。教育捐贈(zèng)宣揚(yáng)了尊師重教、愛(ài)國(guó)主義等中華民族的傳統(tǒng)美德,客觀(guān)上對(duì)整個(gè)社會(huì)的道德建設(shè)起了推動(dòng)作用,促進(jìn)了公民道德的培育。同時(shí),教育捐贈(zèng)作為一種倫理行為,捐贈(zèng)的當(dāng)事人在捐贈(zèng)過(guò)程中又應(yīng)遵循一定的倫理原則;從心理學(xué)的視角看,教育捐贈(zèng)使捐贈(zèng)者獲得內(nèi)心的滿(mǎn)足和自我崇高感,給他們帶來(lái)最高層次的心理滿(mǎn)足。 在人生價(jià)值實(shí)現(xiàn)、回饋與報(bào)答的心理驅(qū)動(dòng)下,人們會(huì)更多地將捐贈(zèng)投向教育事業(yè)上來(lái)。在中外教育的發(fā)展中,教育捐贈(zèng)行為都具有悠久的歷史。古今中外的教育捐贈(zèng)發(fā)展歷史證明,教育捐贈(zèng)與地域文化、社會(huì)政治等關(guān)系密切。由于文化傳統(tǒng)以及辦學(xué)主體和辦學(xué)模式的不同,教育捐贈(zèng)的內(nèi)核和形式呈現(xiàn)出不同的表征,在不同的國(guó)家、不同的歷史階段有著不同的形態(tài)與特點(diǎn)。但是,教育經(jīng)費(fèi)的來(lái)源逐漸趨向多元化是目前各國(guó)教育經(jīng)費(fèi)來(lái)源的歷史走向與共同趨勢(shì)。 從教育捐贈(zèng)的動(dòng)力機(jī)制來(lái)審視,強(qiáng)烈的宗親意識(shí)和鄉(xiāng)土情結(jié)是我國(guó)教育捐贈(zèng)的主要?jiǎng)右?尊師重教的優(yōu)良傳統(tǒng)是我國(guó)教育捐贈(zèng)的社會(huì)文化基礎(chǔ);儒家文化關(guān)于完善人性與理想人格追求的激勵(lì)作用引導(dǎo)人們把國(guó)家利益、集體利益放在首位,積極進(jìn)行教育捐贈(zèng)。從跨文化學(xué)的視角出發(fā),美國(guó)傳統(tǒng)的宗教文明以及深厚的慈善捐贈(zèng)文化是美國(guó)教育捐贈(zèng)的基本動(dòng)因;對(duì)教育捐贈(zèng)減免稅收的相關(guān)優(yōu)惠制度和配套政策是美國(guó)教育捐贈(zèng)的直接動(dòng)因;美國(guó)在高等教育事業(yè)的發(fā)展過(guò)程中形成了獨(dú)特的大學(xué)校友捐贈(zèng)文化,校友情結(jié)是校友為母校捐贈(zèng)的內(nèi)在動(dòng)因;社會(huì)文化強(qiáng)調(diào)不遺留過(guò)多的物質(zhì)財(cái)富也是美國(guó)教育捐贈(zèng)的動(dòng)因之一;教育捐贈(zèng)行為背后的本根動(dòng)機(jī)是利他主義。 國(guó)外教育捐贈(zèng)體制和機(jī)制已經(jīng)相對(duì)成熟。從國(guó)家層面來(lái)講,許多國(guó)家政府的政策導(dǎo)向鼓勵(lì)和引導(dǎo)個(gè)人和企業(yè)進(jìn)行教育捐贈(zèng),制定了一系列法律法規(guī)及配套措施,為教育捐贈(zèng)提供了高位強(qiáng)有力的政策性支撐。從學(xué)校本身募集教育捐贈(zèng)的相關(guān)行為來(lái)看,學(xué)校高度重視教育捐贈(zèng),并有很多積極有效的做法:校長(zhǎng)率先士卒參與募捐工作,提高了學(xué)校對(duì)教育捐贈(zèng)的重視程度;建立了專(zhuān)業(yè)化的捐贈(zèng)管理機(jī)構(gòu)和較為完善的籌資與運(yùn)作體系;建立了較為完善的捐贈(zèng)管理制度;制定戰(zhàn)略性的籌款目標(biāo)與詳盡的籌款計(jì)劃;專(zhuān)業(yè)化和市場(chǎng)化的教育捐贈(zèng)基金運(yùn)作;采取多種措施鼓勵(lì)和激發(fā)捐資者的積極性;密切與(潛在)捐贈(zèng)者的聯(lián)系,鞏固與捐贈(zèng)者的忠誠(chéng)友好關(guān)系,等等。其中的有益經(jīng)驗(yàn)可資借鑒。 近年來(lái),我國(guó)新時(shí)期的慈善捐贈(zèng)環(huán)境開(kāi)始逐步形成,捐贈(zèng)事業(yè)發(fā)展迅速,教育捐贈(zèng)已經(jīng)起步。國(guó)家積極鼓勵(lì)社會(huì)集資、捐資助學(xué),制定了一些相關(guān)的政策和法規(guī)逐步引導(dǎo)教育捐贈(zèng)的開(kāi)展,中央財(cái)政對(duì)中央級(jí)高校設(shè)立了捐贈(zèng)配比資金,教育行政部門(mén)開(kāi)始重視教育捐贈(zèng)。國(guó)內(nèi)很多學(xué)校也逐步認(rèn)識(shí)到教育捐贈(zèng)的重要性,重視教育捐贈(zèng)在學(xué)校多元化經(jīng)費(fèi)來(lái)源中的地位與作用,把爭(zhēng)取社會(huì)各界的最大支持視為學(xué)校工作的重要組成部分,把校友工作和籌資工作提升到學(xué)校發(fā)展的戰(zhàn)略高度�？傮w而言,教育籌資工作逐漸從許多高校的戰(zhàn)略邊緣向中心工作轉(zhuǎn)移,成為高校深入改革、重點(diǎn)加強(qiáng)、積極推動(dòng)的一項(xiàng)基礎(chǔ)性工作,取得了較好的成效。一些學(xué)校逐步建立了進(jìn)行教育募捐的社團(tuán)組織和籌資機(jī)構(gòu),對(duì)教育捐贈(zèng)管理也作了許多實(shí)踐上的探索,初步形成了各具特色的管理模式,一些教育基金開(kāi)始獨(dú)立進(jìn)行捐贈(zèng)基金的管理與運(yùn)作。 然而,由于我國(guó)教育捐贈(zèng)起步較晚,還存在著一些不容忽視的問(wèn)題,資金籌措機(jī)制呈現(xiàn)出多元化虛像背后的單一化格局。面對(duì)這些困境和問(wèn)題,教育捐贈(zèng)要在規(guī)模和范圍上有所發(fā)展,應(yīng)由國(guó)家單一撥款向多渠道籌集經(jīng)費(fèi)的形式轉(zhuǎn)變。從宏觀(guān)層面來(lái)說(shuō),要轉(zhuǎn)變政府職能,由政府的行政干預(yù)逐步轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)檎咭龑?dǎo)和宏觀(guān)調(diào)控,國(guó)家和地方政府要建立健全關(guān)于教育捐贈(zèng)的制度,進(jìn)一步建立和完善教育捐贈(zèng)的監(jiān)督和管理機(jī)制,加強(qiáng)內(nèi)部和外部監(jiān)督,做好執(zhí)法監(jiān)督、行政管理、輿論監(jiān)督和自我監(jiān)督。要發(fā)揮政府政策的杠桿作用,促使政府政策導(dǎo)向化,提高政府資金效益,引導(dǎo)社會(huì)資源合理流向教育領(lǐng)域。同時(shí),要制定鼓勵(lì)社會(huì)各界向教育事業(yè)捐贈(zèng)的法律法規(guī),制定和完善有利于促進(jìn)教育捐贈(zèng)的相關(guān)稅收政策,為教育捐贈(zèng)提供稅收激勵(lì)機(jī)制。從學(xué)校層面來(lái)講,學(xué)校要結(jié)合自身的特點(diǎn)和優(yōu)勢(shì),成立專(zhuān)門(mén)的籌資管理部門(mén),加強(qiáng)隊(duì)伍建設(shè),建立起一支具有專(zhuān)業(yè)水準(zhǔn)、有文化素養(yǎng)、熱心公益事業(yè)和教育事業(yè)的團(tuán)隊(duì),形成專(zhuān)職、兼職人員和志愿者相結(jié)合的各類(lèi)人才匯集、優(yōu)勢(shì)互補(bǔ)的教育籌資、教育基金管理與運(yùn)作的強(qiáng)有力隊(duì)伍。建立健全制度體系,做好發(fā)展聯(lián)絡(luò)工作,拓寬學(xué)校的籌資渠道。 加強(qiáng)我國(guó)教育捐贈(zèng)文化建設(shè),構(gòu)建適合我國(guó)教育捐贈(zèng)發(fā)展的社會(huì)環(huán)境和良好氛圍,建立有效激勵(lì)社會(huì)捐贈(zèng)的制度體系,已是應(yīng)當(dāng)提上日程的問(wèn)題。我們要在汲取中華民族優(yōu)秀的傳統(tǒng)文化和借鑒西方有益的捐贈(zèng)文化的基礎(chǔ)上,構(gòu)建一個(gè)誠(chéng)信、透明、高效的籌措高等教育社會(huì)捐贈(zèng)的有機(jī)體系。
[Abstract]:In the contemporary era, educational donation has become an important issue with multiple values and implications. The issue of Educational Donation spans many disciplines. From a sociological perspective, the social capital of education is the resource of the social relations and network structure of education, and the theory of social capital and social responsibility provides the theory of educational donation. From the perspective of culture, education donation culture is to some extent the initial condition and logical starting point of the evolution of education donation system; from the perspective of education, education donation raises funds for education, and further promotes education to pay more attention to its own connotation development, to improve the quality of education, and to train outstanding talents. Education, as an institutional quasi-public product, proves the feasibility of educational donation from an economic point of view. As the third form of distribution of social resources, educational donation is conducive to optimizing the allocation of resources, adjusting the degree of polarization between the rich and the poor, and promoting. From the perspective of ethics, the implication of educational donation has gone beyond the realm of economics and gradually extended to the values, moral and ethical levels. Educational donation is the unity of economic behavior and moral behavior. At the same time, educational donation, as an ethical behavior, should follow certain ethical principles in the process of donation; from the psychological point of view, Educational Donation enables the donors to obtain inner satisfaction and self-loftiness, and bring them a sense of self-loftiness. To the highest level of psychological satisfaction.
In the development of education at home and abroad, educational donation has a long history. The history of educational donation at all times and in all countries has proved that educational donation is closely related to regional culture, social politics and so on. As well as the different subjects and modes of running schools, the core and forms of Educational Donation show different representations. In different countries, different historical stages have different forms and characteristics.
From the perspective of the motive mechanism of educational donation, strong patriarchal consciousness and local complex are the main motives of Educational Donation in China; the fine tradition of respecting teachers and emphasizing education is the social and cultural foundation of Educational Donation in China; the stimulating role of Confucian culture in perfecting human nature and pursuing ideal personality leads people to put national interests and collective interests first. From the perspective of cross-cultural studies, the traditional religious civilization and profound charitable donation culture in the United States are the basic motivations for Educational Donation in the United States; the preferential system and supporting policies for tax reduction and exemption of educational donations are the direct motivations for Educational Donation in the United States; and the development process of higher education in the United States. A unique University Alumni donation culture has been formed, and the alumni complex is the intrinsic motivation of alumni donation to their alma mater; the emphasis of social culture on not leaving too much material wealth is also one of the motivations of American educational donation; the underlying motivation of educational donation is altruism.
Foreign Educational Donation systems and mechanisms have been relatively mature. At the national level, many governments have formulated a series of laws, regulations and supporting measures to encourage and guide individuals and enterprises to donate to education, providing a high level of strong policy support for educational donation. From the point of view of Guan's behavior, the school attaches great importance to educational donation, and has many positive and effective ways: the principal takes the lead in collecting donations, improves the school's attention to educational donation; establishes specialized donation management institutions and relatively perfect fund-raising and operation system; establishes a relatively perfect donation management system; formulates strategies; Sexual fund-raising goals and detailed fund-raising plans; specialized and market-oriented educational endowment fund operations; various measures to encourage and stimulate the enthusiasm of donors; close ties with (potential) donors and consolidate loyal and friendly relations with donors, etc. The useful experience can be used for reference.
In recent years, China's charitable donation environment in the new era has begun to take shape, the donation cause has developed rapidly, and educational donation has started. The state actively encourages the community to raise funds, donate funds to schools, formulates some relevant policies and regulations to gradually guide the development of educational donation. The central finance has set up donation matching funds for central-level universities and educational banks. Many schools in China have gradually realized the importance of educational donation, attached importance to the status and role of Educational Donation in the diversified sources of school funding, regarded the greatest support from all sectors of society as an important part of school work, and promoted alumni work and fund-raising work to the war of school development. Generally speaking, the work of educational fund-raising has gradually shifted from the strategic edge of many universities to the central work, and has become a basic work of deepening reform, emphasizing strengthening and actively promoting in Colleges and universities, and achieved good results. Many practical explorations have been made and various management modes have been initially formed. Some educational funds have begun to manage and operate the endowment funds independently.
However, due to the late start of Educational Donation in China, there are still some problems that can not be ignored. The fund-raising mechanism presents a single pattern behind the illusion of pluralism. On the view level, to change the government's functions, from the government's administrative intervention to policy guidance and macro-control, the state and local governments should establish and improve the system of educational donation, further establish and improve the supervision and management mechanism of educational donation, strengthen internal and external supervision, do a good job of law enforcement supervision, administrative management and public opinion supervision. We should give full play to the leverage of the government's policies, promote the orientation of government policies, improve the efficiency of government funds, and guide the rational flow of social resources to the field of education. At the same time, we should formulate laws and regulations to encourage all sectors of society to donate to the cause of education, formulate and improve relevant tax policies conducive to promoting educational donation, and donate to education. From the school level, the school should combine its own characteristics and advantages, set up a special fund-raising management department, strengthen the team building, establish a professional level, cultural quality, enthusiastic public welfare and education team, and form a full-time, part-time and volunteer combination of various types of talent Collection, complementary advantages of education financing, education fund management and operation of a strong team. Establish a sound system, do a good job in the development of liaison, broaden the financing channels of schools.
To strengthen the construction of education donation culture in China, to construct a social environment and a good atmosphere suitable for the development of education donation in China, and to establish an effective system to encourage social donation are issues that should be put on the agenda. Letter, transparent and efficient way to raise the organic system of higher education social donation.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：河南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：G521

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