本文選題：俄羅斯 + 基礎(chǔ)教育　； 參考：《東北師范大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：俄羅斯教育資金投入的匱乏直接導(dǎo)致整個社會都面臨著嚴(yán)峻的挑戰(zhàn)。目前,青少年群體普遍缺乏公民意識,愛國主義精神;青少年的科學(xué)素養(yǎng)、人文素養(yǎng)極度匱乏;整個社會正面臨道德滑坡、信任滑坡的危險。民族與國家的競爭力依賴于高素質(zhì)的社會公民,而教育的首要目的就是教書育人,使人成為身心健康,全面發(fā)展的人。只有全面、綜合發(fā)展的人才能為社會的進(jìn)步與發(fā)展貢獻(xiàn)更多的力量,這樣的人才能稱其為人才,才能滿足當(dāng)今社會對綜合型人才的訴求。為解決上述這些社會問題,俄羅斯將視角轉(zhuǎn)移到了教育領(lǐng)域,因為這是振興國家希望的本源所在。在教育領(lǐng)域中,課程改革是推動教育改革的主要手段,而課程改革的指向標(biāo)是課標(biāo)的理念滲透。為使綜合課程能夠有效實施以及發(fā)揮實際效果,2004年3月俄聯(lián)邦教育部頒布《周圍世界課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》,該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是在“教育現(xiàn)代化”的影響下頒布最早的教育標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為俄羅斯《周圍世界》課程在教材編寫、具體教學(xué)與評價方面指明了方向、奠定了基礎(chǔ),從而有效促進(jìn)了基礎(chǔ)教育的不斷發(fā)展和改革,使小學(xué)生得以實現(xiàn)真正的全面發(fā)展。雖然,該課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為《周圍世界》課程的有效實施提供了依據(jù)參考,但是在具體實施過程中,該課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)還是存在一些頗具爭議的問題:標(biāo)準(zhǔn)自身維度劃分過于寬泛、教育資金匱乏、綜合性師資短缺等。本文主要對俄羅斯小學(xué)《周圍世界》課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的性質(zhì)和地位、內(nèi)容、任務(wù)、實施和監(jiān)管、特點和存在的問題進(jìn)行研究,由五部分組成,基本內(nèi)容如下:引言部分是對選題立意、現(xiàn)狀、目的、方法和概念界定的闡述;第一章介紹了《周圍世界》課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的內(nèi)容與特點,分別從“目標(biāo)”、“必修內(nèi)容最低要求”、“畢業(yè)生培養(yǎng)水平的要求”三個維度出發(fā),對課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的具體內(nèi)容進(jìn)行解釋說明;第二章從俄羅斯所面臨的現(xiàn)實問題入手,分析《周圍世界》課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)制定的依據(jù);現(xiàn)實問題基本上可以歸納為兩個方面:傳統(tǒng)的自然科學(xué)與人文科學(xué)的分割對人的全面發(fā)展提出挑戰(zhàn)、當(dāng)代青少年普遍缺乏公民意識;第三章主要分析《周圍世界》課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的實施問題,主要從兩個維度對該問題進(jìn)行解讀:課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的具體實施建議以及課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)實施的有效保障等;第四章從課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的實際效果出發(fā),該課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)主要目的在于減輕學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)負(fù)擔(dān),保障教育空間的統(tǒng)一與實現(xiàn)教育公平這樣層面發(fā)揮了具體的作用;第五章主要是分析對《周圍世界》課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的思考,分析該課標(biāo)三個層面上的特色:理念——體現(xiàn)兒童個性化發(fā)展;目標(biāo)——界定課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn);內(nèi)容——綜合交叉的體系架構(gòu);同時又分析了該課標(biāo)面臨一些問題:課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)自身存在的問題、課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)條件保障有待加強(qiáng)、師資水平普遍匱乏等。
[Abstract]:The lack of investment in education in Russia directly leads to severe challenges for the whole society. At present, there is a general lack of civic awareness, patriotism, scientific literacy and humanistic literacy of young people, and the whole society is facing the danger of a decline in morality and a decline in trust. The competitive power of nation and country depends on the high quality citizen, and the primary purpose of education is to teach and educate people and make them become people who are physically and mentally healthy and develop in an all-round way. Only people with comprehensive and comprehensive development can contribute more strength to the progress and development of society, such people can be called talents and can meet the demands of modern society for comprehensive talents. To address these social problems, Russia has shifted its perspective to education, which is the source of hope for revitalizing the country. In the field of education, curriculum reform is the main means to promote education reform, and the direction of curriculum reform is the penetration of the idea of curriculum standard. In order to carry out the comprehensive curriculum effectively and give full play to the practical effect, the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation promulgated the "Curriculum Standards of the surrounding World" in March 2004, which is the earliest educational standard promulgated under the influence of "modernization of education". This standard has pointed out the direction and laid the foundation for the compilation of teaching materials, specific teaching and evaluation of Russia's "around the World" curriculum, thus effectively promoting the continuous development and reform of basic education. So that primary school students can achieve real all-round development. Although the curriculum standard provides a reference for the effective implementation of the curriculum, there are still some controversial problems in the course of its implementation: the standard itself is too broadly divided into dimensions. Lack of funds for education, shortage of comprehensive teachers and so on. This article mainly studies the nature and status, content, task, implementation and supervision, characteristics and existing problems of the curriculum standard of the Russian elementary school "around the World", which is composed of five parts. The basic content is as follows: the introduction part is the intention to choose the topic. The first chapter introduces the content and characteristics of the curriculum standard of "around the World", respectively from the "goal", "the minimum requirements of required content", Starting from the three dimensions of "requirements for the training level of graduates", the author explains the specific contents of the curriculum standard, and analyzes the basis for the establishment of the curriculum standard from the point of view of the realistic problems facing Russia. The practical problems can be summed up into two aspects: the traditional division of natural science and human science challenges the overall development of human beings, and the contemporary youth generally lack of civic consciousness; The third chapter mainly analyzes the implementation of the curriculum standard of "around the World", mainly from two dimensions to interpret the problem: the specific implementation of curriculum standards and the effective guarantee of the implementation of curriculum standards; The fourth chapter starts from the actual effect of the curriculum standard, the main purpose of the curriculum standard is to lighten the students' learning burden, ensure the unity of the educational space and realize the level of educational equity, which has played a specific role; The fifth chapter is mainly to analyze the thinking of the curriculum standard of "around the World", and analyze the characteristics of the curriculum standard on three levels: idea-reflecting children's individualized development, goal-defining curriculum standard, content-comprehensive intersecting system structure; At the same time, this paper analyzes some problems that the curriculum standard faces: the problems existing in the curriculum standard itself, the guarantee of the curriculum standard conditions to be strengthened, the general shortage of teachers and so on.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：G629.512;G622.3

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