【摘要】：身心關系一直以來是心理學十分關注且爭論不休的重要問題。傳統(tǒng)的第一代認知范式將高級認知活動類比為計算機的操作,認知被認為是獨立于身體之外的操作,身體僅僅是執(zhí)行大腦下達命令的輸出裝置。這種認知模式忽視了身體在認知活動中所起的重要作用。進一步的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),身體活動不僅反映心智過程,并且能夠?qū)φJ知過程、態(tài)度、情緒等方面產(chǎn)生影響,即人的心智是具身的。在此基礎上,心理學出現(xiàn)了以具身認知、具身情緒等為代表的具身理論的研究。具身理論是指個體身體的結(jié)構(gòu)特征、相關活動或者動作姿勢等不僅是其心理狀態(tài)的反應,同樣也能夠?qū)ζ湫睦頎顟B(tài)如情緒、認知等造成影響。對于網(wǎng)球運動員來說,比賽中贏得重要分數(shù)或錯失得分機會時,往往都會有較為激烈的身體動作,如贏分后的握拳、失分后的搖頭等。前人研究表明,握拳能夠提高自尊、自信和力量感(Tracy, Robbin,2007; Thomas,2009;Schuber, Koole,2009)。網(wǎng)球比賽中握拳也是運動員贏分后常見的肢體動作,本研究即從此入手,探究握拳動作對網(wǎng)球運動員后續(xù)比賽表現(xiàn)的影響。研究一通過錄像分析對2014年前三項大滿貫比賽8強后的38場比賽進行統(tǒng)計,將握拳后的下一分與不握拳的下一分進行比較。結(jié)果顯示,握拳后的一發(fā)成功率高于不握拳,女性差異顯著但男性差異不顯著；握拳后的得分率顯著高于不握拳,且這一效應男女均存在。這提示,握拳可能提高運動員的發(fā)球及相持表現(xiàn)。對結(jié)果的進一步分析顯示,握拳能夠?qū)Ρ荣悇儇撛斐芍匾绊?且這一影響男性運動員高于女性。研究二采用現(xiàn)場實驗探究握拳動作對網(wǎng)球運動員的心理和比賽表現(xiàn)的影響。按技術(shù)水平將16名2級以上男性大學生網(wǎng)球運動員隨機匹配分入握拳組與不握拳組,讓水平最接近的兩位研究參與者進行一場比賽,對比賽數(shù)據(jù)進行統(tǒng)計分析。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),不握拳組在發(fā)球表現(xiàn)上優(yōu)于握拳組,握拳組在得分表現(xiàn)上優(yōu)于不握拳組,但組間差異均不顯著。比賽后要求研究參與者填答《網(wǎng)球運動表現(xiàn)量表》,對其之前比賽的各項心理指標進行評分,結(jié)果顯示,各項心理指標未見可靠的組間差異。本研究中,握拳的具身效應在比賽情境中體現(xiàn)得較為明顯,但在實驗情境中體現(xiàn)得不明顯。這提示,握拳效應可能取決于運動員的壓力水平、技術(shù)水平以及握拳使用的頻率和時機。
[Abstract]:The relationship between body and mind has always been a very important and controversial issue in psychology. The traditional first-generation cognitive paradigm likens advanced cognitive activity to the operation of a computer. Cognition is regarded as an operation independent of the body, and the body is merely an output device for executing a command from the brain. This cognitive model ignores the important role of the body in cognitive activity. Further studies have found that physical activity not only reflects mental processes, but also affects cognitive processes, attitudes, emotions, and so on, that is, people's minds are physical. On this basis, psychology has appeared to take the concrete cognition, the concrete emotion and so on as the representative concrete theory research. Body-forming theory refers to the structural characteristics of the individual body, related activities or movement posture, which are not only the reaction of their psychological state, but also have an impact on their psychological state, such as emotion, cognition and so on. For tennis players, when they win important points or miss the opportunity to score, they tend to have more intense body movements, such as fist holding after winning points, shaking their heads after losing points, and so on. Previous studies have shown that clenching improves self-esteem, self-confidence, and a sense of strength (Tracy, Robbin,2007; Thomas,2009;Schuber, Koole,2009). Fist grip is also a common limb movement of tennis players after winning points. This study starts from now on to explore the impact of fist grip on the performance of tennis players in subsequent matches. In the first study, 38 games after the top 8 of the first three Grand Slam events in 2014 were counted by video analysis, and the next point after clenching was compared with the next point without fist. The results showed that the success rate after fist grip was higher than that without fist, but the difference between women and men was not significant, and the score rate after fist grip was significantly higher than that without fist, and this effect existed in both men and women. This suggests that clenching may improve the player's service and performance. Further analysis of the results shows that clenching can have an important impact on the winning and losing of the competition, and that the male athletes are higher than the female athletes. The second study used field experiment to explore the influence of clench action on tennis players' psychology and game performance. According to the technical level, 16 male college tennis players above level 2 were randomly divided into two groups: fist grip group and non-grip boxing group. Two participants with the closest level were involved in a match, and the match data were statistically analyzed. The results showed that the non-clenched group was superior to the non-clenched group in serving performance, and the clench group was better than the non-clenched group in score, but there was no significant difference between the two groups. After the match, the participants were asked to fill in the Tennis performance scale and score the psychological indexes of the previous matches. The results showed that there was no reliable difference in the psychological indexes between the two groups. In this study, the concrete effect of clenching is obvious in the competition situation, but it is not obvious in the experimental situation. This suggests that the grip effect may depend on the athlete's stress level, skill level, and frequency and timing of grip use.
【學位授予單位】：北京體育大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：G845

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