【摘要】：身心關(guān)系一直以來(lái)是心理學(xué)十分關(guān)注且爭(zhēng)論不休的重要問(wèn)題。傳統(tǒng)的第一代認(rèn)知范式將高級(jí)認(rèn)知活動(dòng)類比為計(jì)算機(jī)的操作,認(rèn)知被認(rèn)為是獨(dú)立于身體之外的操作,身體僅僅是執(zhí)行大腦下達(dá)命令的輸出裝置。這種認(rèn)知模式忽視了身體在認(rèn)知活動(dòng)中所起的重要作用。進(jìn)一步的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),身體活動(dòng)不僅反映心智過(guò)程,并且能夠?qū)φJ(rèn)知過(guò)程、態(tài)度、情緒等方面產(chǎn)生影響,即人的心智是具身的。在此基礎(chǔ)上,心理學(xué)出現(xiàn)了以具身認(rèn)知、具身情緒等為代表的具身理論的研究。具身理論是指?jìng)�(gè)體身體的結(jié)構(gòu)特征、相關(guān)活動(dòng)或者動(dòng)作姿勢(shì)等不僅是其心理狀態(tài)的反應(yīng),同樣也能夠?qū)ζ湫睦頎顟B(tài)如情緒、認(rèn)知等造成影響。對(duì)于網(wǎng)球運(yùn)動(dòng)員來(lái)說(shuō),比賽中贏得重要分?jǐn)?shù)或錯(cuò)失得分機(jī)會(huì)時(shí),往往都會(huì)有較為激烈的身體動(dòng)作,如贏分后的握拳、失分后的搖頭等。前人研究表明,握拳能夠提高自尊、自信和力量感(Tracy, Robbin,2007; Thomas,2009;Schuber, Koole,2009)。網(wǎng)球比賽中握拳也是運(yùn)動(dòng)員贏分后常見(jiàn)的肢體動(dòng)作,本研究即從此入手,探究握拳動(dòng)作對(duì)網(wǎng)球運(yùn)動(dòng)員后續(xù)比賽表現(xiàn)的影響。研究一通過(guò)錄像分析對(duì)2014年前三項(xiàng)大滿貫比賽8強(qiáng)后的38場(chǎng)比賽進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì),將握拳后的下一分與不握拳的下一分進(jìn)行比較。結(jié)果顯示,握拳后的一發(fā)成功率高于不握拳,女性差異顯著但男性差異不顯著；握拳后的得分率顯著高于不握拳,且這一效應(yīng)男女均存在。這提示,握拳可能提高運(yùn)動(dòng)員的發(fā)球及相持表現(xiàn)。對(duì)結(jié)果的進(jìn)一步分析顯示,握拳能夠?qū)Ρ荣悇儇?fù)造成重要影響,且這一影響男性運(yùn)動(dòng)員高于女性。研究二采用現(xiàn)場(chǎng)實(shí)驗(yàn)探究握拳動(dòng)作對(duì)網(wǎng)球運(yùn)動(dòng)員的心理和比賽表現(xiàn)的影響。按技術(shù)水平將16名2級(jí)以上男性大學(xué)生網(wǎng)球運(yùn)動(dòng)員隨機(jī)匹配分入握拳組與不握拳組,讓水平最接近的兩位研究參與者進(jìn)行一場(chǎng)比賽,對(duì)比賽數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),不握拳組在發(fā)球表現(xiàn)上優(yōu)于握拳組,握拳組在得分表現(xiàn)上優(yōu)于不握拳組,但組間差異均不顯著。比賽后要求研究參與者填答《網(wǎng)球運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)量表》,對(duì)其之前比賽的各項(xiàng)心理指標(biāo)進(jìn)行評(píng)分,結(jié)果顯示,各項(xiàng)心理指標(biāo)未見(jiàn)可靠的組間差異。本研究中,握拳的具身效應(yīng)在比賽情境中體現(xiàn)得較為明顯,但在實(shí)驗(yàn)情境中體現(xiàn)得不明顯。這提示,握拳效應(yīng)可能取決于運(yùn)動(dòng)員的壓力水平、技術(shù)水平以及握拳使用的頻率和時(shí)機(jī)。
[Abstract]:The relationship between body and mind has always been a very important and controversial issue in psychology. The traditional first-generation cognitive paradigm likens advanced cognitive activity to the operation of a computer. Cognition is regarded as an operation independent of the body, and the body is merely an output device for executing a command from the brain. This cognitive model ignores the important role of the body in cognitive activity. Further studies have found that physical activity not only reflects mental processes, but also affects cognitive processes, attitudes, emotions, and so on, that is, people's minds are physical. On this basis, psychology has appeared to take the concrete cognition, the concrete emotion and so on as the representative concrete theory research. Body-forming theory refers to the structural characteristics of the individual body, related activities or movement posture, which are not only the reaction of their psychological state, but also have an impact on their psychological state, such as emotion, cognition and so on. For tennis players, when they win important points or miss the opportunity to score, they tend to have more intense body movements, such as fist holding after winning points, shaking their heads after losing points, and so on. Previous studies have shown that clenching improves self-esteem, self-confidence, and a sense of strength (Tracy, Robbin,2007; Thomas,2009;Schuber, Koole,2009). Fist grip is also a common limb movement of tennis players after winning points. This study starts from now on to explore the impact of fist grip on the performance of tennis players in subsequent matches. In the first study, 38 games after the top 8 of the first three Grand Slam events in 2014 were counted by video analysis, and the next point after clenching was compared with the next point without fist. The results showed that the success rate after fist grip was higher than that without fist, but the difference between women and men was not significant, and the score rate after fist grip was significantly higher than that without fist, and this effect existed in both men and women. This suggests that clenching may improve the player's service and performance. Further analysis of the results shows that clenching can have an important impact on the winning and losing of the competition, and that the male athletes are higher than the female athletes. The second study used field experiment to explore the influence of clench action on tennis players' psychology and game performance. According to the technical level, 16 male college tennis players above level 2 were randomly divided into two groups: fist grip group and non-grip boxing group. Two participants with the closest level were involved in a match, and the match data were statistically analyzed. The results showed that the non-clenched group was superior to the non-clenched group in serving performance, and the clench group was better than the non-clenched group in score, but there was no significant difference between the two groups. After the match, the participants were asked to fill in the Tennis performance scale and score the psychological indexes of the previous matches. The results showed that there was no reliable difference in the psychological indexes between the two groups. In this study, the concrete effect of clenching is obvious in the competition situation, but it is not obvious in the experimental situation. This suggests that the grip effect may depend on the athlete's stress level, skill level, and frequency and timing of grip use.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京體育大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：G845

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