【摘要】：目的:采用定性與定量相結合的方法分析3~6歲幼兒跑步動作,探討3~6歲幼兒跑步動作發(fā)展特征,并分析跑步動作教學策略。方法:選取北京市某幼兒園3~6歲幼兒124名。采用三維攝像技術拍攝幼兒的跑步動作,基于動作發(fā)展序列理論定性評價幼兒跑步動作;同時,通過視頻解析獲得跑步的運動學參數(shù),采用方差分析比較不同跑步發(fā)展水平幼兒之間的運動學參數(shù)差異。結果:1)3~6歲幼兒跑的發(fā)展水平存在3個階段,即初級、中級以及高級階段,其中,5~6歲幼兒多處于高級階段,且女生多于男生;2)對于支撐腿膝角與步幅/下肢長,處于高級階段的幼兒顯著高于處于初級與中級階段的幼兒(P0.05);3)對于擺動腿膝角,初級與中級階段幼兒顯著高于高級階段幼兒(P0.05);4)對于肘角,中級階段幼兒顯著高于低級與高級階段幼兒(P0.05)。結論:幼兒跑步動作發(fā)展特征為,隨著跑步動作發(fā)展逐漸成熟,步幅逐漸增大,蹬離地面時刻的支撐腿膝角趨于完全伸展狀態(tài),擺動腿膝角趨于減小。建議:開展幼兒跑步動作的課程時,對于3~4歲幼兒,應著重鍛煉其下肢的肌肉力量與身體的平衡能力;針對4~5歲幼兒應更多地從腳前掌著地與蹬地等內(nèi)容進行指導;對于5~6歲幼兒,則主要從全身協(xié)調等方面進行指導。建議通過改變運動方向、身體重心的變化以及走跑交替等方面來豐富活動內(nèi)容,在中、小班的課程實施中要注意情景化引導,發(fā)展大班幼兒跑步動作時,可以選擇繩梯等器材,通過延伸或演變其用途增加幼兒的運動興趣。
[Abstract]:Objective: to analyze the running movements of children aged 3 or 6 years old by using the method of qualitative and quantitative analysis, to explore the developmental characteristics of running movements of children aged 3 or 6 years old, and to analyze the teaching strategies of running movements. Methods: 124 children aged 3 to 6 years old in a kindergarten in Beijing were selected. Three-dimensional camera technique is used to photograph children's running movements. Based on the theory of motion development sequence, the children's running movements are qualitatively evaluated. At the same time, the kinematics parameters of running are obtained by video analysis. Variance analysis was used to compare the difference of kinematic parameters among children with different running development level. Results: there were three stages in the development of running, that is, primary, intermediate and advanced stage, among which 56-year-old children were in advanced stage, and girls were more than boys (2) for supporting leg knee angle and stride / lower limb length. The children in the advanced stage were significantly higher than those in the primary and intermediate stage (P0.05), and the children in the primary and intermediate stages were significantly higher than those in the advanced stage (P0.05) in the angle of elbow. Children in intermediate stage were significantly higher than those in lower and higher stages (P0.05). Conclusion: with the development of running, the stride length increases gradually, the angle of the supporting leg knee tends to extend completely and the angle of swing leg knee tends to decrease at the time of pedal off the ground. It is suggested that, in the course of running, the children of 3 or 4 years old should focus on the exercise of their lower limb muscle strength and body balance ability, and the 4- and 5-year-old children should be directed more from the front of the foot to the ground and the pedaling ground, and so on. For 5-6-year-old children, it is mainly from the whole body coordination and other aspects of guidance. It is suggested to enrich the activities by changing the direction of movement, changing the body center of gravity and alternating walking and running. In the course implementation of middle and small classes, attention should be paid to situational guidance, and when developing large class children's running movements, they can choose rope ladders and other equipment. Increase young children's exercise interest by extending or evolving their use.
【作者單位】： 北京體育大學運動人體科學學院;安徽工業(yè)大學體育部;
【基金】：北京體育大學自主科研課題資助項目(2016SYS006)
【分類號】：G822

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