本文選題：運動控制 + 人體運動��； 參考：《體育科學(xué)》2017年08期

【摘要】：人體運動控制是一個復(fù)雜的、綜合了多門學(xué)科的領(lǐng)域,先后納入了物理學(xué)、解剖學(xué)、生理學(xué)、心理學(xué)、工程學(xué)、神經(jīng)學(xué)等學(xué)科的內(nèi)容。人體運動控制的研究從最初的對人體外在的機械運動的描述逐漸深入到肌肉骨骼,神經(jīng)控制的層次。人體運動控制領(lǐng)域要解決的基本問題是人體運動的冗余控制、富余控制及運動變異,它們代表了人體運動的多樣性,圍繞這幾個基本問題,學(xué)者們提出了各種基于信息控制理論和基于物理過程的各種人體運動控制的假說(動作編碼、層級控制、平衡點假說、對照設(shè)置假說、動態(tài)行為理論等)及多種用于人體運動評估研究的計算框架(黎曼流形、非控制流形、容錯-噪聲-共變模型、適應(yīng)性模型理論等)。這些理論假說有的偏重于控制信息的處理過程,有的偏重于人體運動的物理過程,其中每個理論假說都有其意義及局限性,提供研究者不同的思考角度,有的理論,如平衡點假說,則是沉寂一段時間后又被重新發(fā)現(xiàn)其實踐意義,并受到越來越多的關(guān)注。對人體運動的研究,一開始人們關(guān)注于單一關(guān)節(jié)、單一肌肉的狀態(tài),然而人體的運動是一個整體,一個關(guān)節(jié)出現(xiàn)損傷可能主要的原因并不是在這一個關(guān)節(jié)而是受到其余關(guān)節(jié)活動的影響,一塊肌肉的損傷也可能是由于其余肌肉的影響,甚至人體的損傷也受到人體認(rèn)知狀況的影響,這就需要從整體的角度去重新審視人體運動。人體運動是復(fù)雜的,對人體運動的描述不能僅僅是對單一關(guān)節(jié)、單一肌肉的描述,而是需要更為復(fù)雜的計算框架,黎曼流形、非控制流形、容錯-噪聲-共變模型、適應(yīng)性模型理論則對人體運動的描述做出了有益的探索。人體運動控制理論對康復(fù)及運動訓(xùn)練有著重要的影響,根據(jù)運動控制理論學(xué)者們提出和更新了傳統(tǒng)的康復(fù)及訓(xùn)練方法,從運動控制角度設(shè)計的訓(xùn)練方法有效地降低了損傷的發(fā)生率,延長了運動員的運動壽命。對人體運動控制的進(jìn)一步研究可以幫助對損傷機制、運動表現(xiàn)、裝備器械對人體的影響機制等的深入理解,促進(jìn)相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展。
[Abstract]:Human motion control is a complex, integrated multidisciplinary field, which has been incorporated into the subjects of physics, anatomy, physiology, psychology, engineering, neurology, etc. The study of human motion control has gradually deepened from the description of the body's external mechanical movement to the musculoskeletal, the level of neural control and the human movement. The basic problems to be solved in the field of dynamic control are redundant control of human movement, surplus control and motion variation. They represent the diversity of human movement. Around these basic problems, scholars have proposed various hypotheses based on information control theory and physical process based human body motion control (action coding, hierarchy control, The equilibrium point hypothesis, the control set hypothesis, the dynamic behavior theory, and a variety of computational frameworks for the study of human motion assessment (Riemann manifolds, non control manifolds, fault-tolerant noise covariant models, adaptive model theory, etc.). Some of these theoretical hypotheses are biased on the processing of control information, and some are biased on the physical processes of human motion. Each theory hypothesis has its meaning and limitations, which provides the researchers with different thinking angles. Some theories, such as the equilibrium hypothesis, are rediscovered and received more and more attention after a period of silence. The study of human movement, at the beginning, is concerned with the single joint and the state of a single muscle. However, the movement of the body is a whole, and the main cause of a joint injury may be not the effect of the joint but the rest of the joint. The injury of a muscle may also be influenced by the rest of the muscles, and the damage of the body is also affected by the recognition of the human body, which requires the overall angle. To re examine human movement. Human motion is complex. The description of human motion can not be merely a description of a single joint and a single muscle, but a more complex frame of calculation, a Riemann manifold, a non controlled manifold, a fault-tolerant and covariant model, and a useful exploration of the description of human motion by the adaptive model theory. The theory of motion control of human body has an important influence on rehabilitation and exercise training. According to the theory of motion control, scholars have proposed and updated the traditional methods of rehabilitation and training. The training method designed from the angle of motion control effectively reduces the incidence of damage and prolongs the life of the athletes. Research can help to understand deeply the mechanisms of injury, motor performance, the impact of equipment and equipment on human body, and promote the development of related fields.
【作者單位】： 北京體育大學(xué)運動人體科學(xué)學(xué)院;
【基金】：北京體育大學(xué)自主科研課題(2016SYS006)
【分類號】：G804

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