本文選題：越野滑雪 + 優(yōu)秀運動員��； 參考：《華東師范大學(xué)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：越野滑雪項目是冬奧會比賽中最重要的競技項目之一,也是我國冬季雪上項目中開展最早的一項競技體育比賽項目。然而由于受到經(jīng)濟發(fā)展、氣候條件以及地域資源等因素的影響,越野滑雪在我國發(fā)展較慢,和歐美等發(fā)達國家相比還處于較落后的地位,到目前為止在冬奧會上仍然沒有獎牌零的突破。隨著我國經(jīng)濟的不斷發(fā)展,競技體育地位不斷提高,國家已經(jīng)認(rèn)識到由體育大國向體育強國邁進離不開冬季體育項目的發(fā)展,尤其是2008年成功舉辦北京夏季奧運會以后,國家更是加大了對冬季運動項目發(fā)展的扶植力度,制定了一系列推進冬季冰雪項目發(fā)展的措施,如在奧運爭光計劃中的“北冰南展”、“冰雪平衡發(fā)展”等策略,使我國冬季體育競技項目近年來有了長足的進步,越野滑雪項目正在不斷縮小與國外高水平的差距。北京2022年冬奧會的成功申辦,國家更是加大了對冰雪項目發(fā)展的投入力度。因此,論文研究我國越野滑雪項目的目的正是要以此為契機,抓住機遇為推進我國越野滑雪項目步入發(fā)展的快軌道,縮短與國外高水平運動員的訓(xùn)練差距提供參考,爭取在我國舉辦的冬奧會上實現(xiàn)獎牌零的突破。論文以我國高水平越野滑雪運動員專項耐力年度訓(xùn)練結(jié)構(gòu)為研究對象,以越野滑雪運動員專項耐力訓(xùn)練為主線,采用了文獻資料法、專家訪談、觀察法、實驗研究、個案研究以及數(shù)理統(tǒng)計等研究方法,從專項耐力訓(xùn)練的目標(biāo)、內(nèi)容、方法手段以及訓(xùn)練監(jiān)控等方面進行了研究,主要研究結(jié)論如下：1、我國優(yōu)秀越野滑雪運動員專項耐力年度訓(xùn)練結(jié)構(gòu)由專項耐力準(zhǔn)備期、專項耐力比賽期、專項耐力恢復(fù)期以及專項耐力銜接區(qū)四個主要訓(xùn)練結(jié)構(gòu)組成。其中銜接區(qū)訓(xùn)練結(jié)構(gòu)包括準(zhǔn)備期陸期與雪期銜接區(qū)、準(zhǔn)備期與比賽期銜接區(qū)、比賽期與恢復(fù)期銜接區(qū)以及恢復(fù)期與準(zhǔn)備期銜接區(qū)四個銜接區(qū)域。各訓(xùn)練結(jié)構(gòu)之間并不是孤立的,而是通過運動員競技狀態(tài)形成與發(fā)展變化規(guī)律這一主線彼此相互緊密聯(lián)系,構(gòu)成一個完整的年度專項耐力訓(xùn)練結(jié)構(gòu)體系。2、專項耐力準(zhǔn)備期訓(xùn)練結(jié)構(gòu)中以專項有氧耐力訓(xùn)練為主,采用分層遞進目標(biāo)設(shè)置。在不同訓(xùn)練階段分別利用適應(yīng)性小周期、發(fā)展性小周期和沖擊式小周期的不同組合,可以有效提高運動員對大訓(xùn)練負(fù)荷的適應(yīng)能力。通過實驗表明,運動員準(zhǔn)備期訓(xùn)練前后最大攝氧量、無氧閾百分比、極限負(fù)荷后最大攝氧量平臺以及最大心率儲備指標(biāo)存在顯著性差異,都有較大幅度的提高,心肺功能增大,高強度下有氧代謝能力增強。3、專項耐力比賽期訓(xùn)練結(jié)構(gòu)中以專項無氧耐力訓(xùn)練為主,提高專項心理耐力訓(xùn)練比例,強化關(guān)聯(lián)法的心理訓(xùn)練手段。在賽前子階段訓(xùn)練中采用多峰沖擊式小周期訓(xùn)練安排,可以有效提高運動員賽前競技能力儲備。實驗證明運動員在比賽期賽前所測成績與準(zhǔn)備期雪期所測成績存在顯著性差異,都有較大幅度的提高。運動員體脂百分比降低,上臂圍、大腿圍和小腿圍都有明顯增大,身體形態(tài)學(xué)指標(biāo)接近優(yōu)秀運動員肌肉型特征。4、專項耐力恢復(fù)期訓(xùn)練結(jié)構(gòu)中以恢復(fù)和補償性有氧耐力訓(xùn)練為主,采用2級和3級運動強度,逐級減量小周期的訓(xùn)練安排,提高力量訓(xùn)練比重,可以有效降低運動員專項耐力能力儲備的損耗比例。實驗表明,恢復(fù)期前后身體形態(tài)學(xué)指標(biāo)略有降低,生理學(xué)指標(biāo)與比賽期相比存在顯著性差異,最大攝氧量、最大攝氧量平臺期以及無氧閾百分比都有不同程度降低,但降低速度和幅度在10%以內(nèi),有利于短時期訓(xùn)練恢復(fù)。5、專項耐力銜接區(qū)訓(xùn)練結(jié)構(gòu)中準(zhǔn)備期陸期與雪期的銜接區(qū)采用1個適應(yīng)性發(fā)展小周期,雪期與賽前子階段銜接區(qū)采用1-2個沖擊式小周期,可以有效促進競技狀態(tài)的穩(wěn)定提高。比賽期與恢復(fù)期銜接區(qū)采用1個減量小周期,恢復(fù)期與下一年度準(zhǔn)備期采用2-3個提高發(fā)展小周期的訓(xùn)練安排,可以有效提高運動員對負(fù)荷變化的適應(yīng)。實驗表明,在各銜接區(qū)階段測試的生化指標(biāo)處于正常變動范圍,血紅蛋白、血清肌酸激酶以及血尿素綜合指標(biāo)反映運動負(fù)荷適中,運動員身體機能處于平穩(wěn)上升狀態(tài)。
[Abstract]:Cross-country skiing is one of the most important sports events in Winter Olympic Games. It is also the earliest competitive sports event in the winter snow project in China. However, due to the influence of economic development, climate conditions and regional resources, the development of cross-country skiing is slow in China, and is still in comparison with those of developed countries such as Europe and America. In the relatively backward position, there is still no medal zero breakthrough at the Winter Olympic Games. With the continuous development of China's economy, the status of competitive sports has been continuously improved. The state has realized that the development of the sports power from the sports power to the sports power can not be separated from the winter sports, especially after the successful hosting of the Beijing Summer Olympic Games in 2008, The state has increased the support for the development of winter sports projects, and made a series of measures to promote the development of winter ice and snow projects, such as the "North ice South Exhibition" in the Olympic lighting plan, "the development of ice and snow balance" and so on, which have made great progress in recent years in China's sports sports projects, and the cross-country skiing project is constantly being carried out. To narrow the gap with the high level of foreign countries. The successful bid of Beijing Winter Olympic Games in 2022 has increased the investment in the development of ice and snow projects. Therefore, the purpose of the study of cross-country skiing is to seize the opportunity and seize the opportunity to promote the rapid development of our cross-country skiing items and to shorten the high water level with foreign countries. This paper takes the annual training structure of high level cross-country skiing athletes' special endurance training as the research object, taking the special endurance training of cross-country skiers as the main line, using the literature method, expert interview, observation method and experiment. Research, case study, mathematical statistics and other research methods are studied from the objectives, contents, methods and training monitoring of special endurance training. The main conclusions are as follows: 1, the annual training structure of Chinese elite cross-country skiers special endurance is from special endurance preparation period, special endurance competition period and special endurance. There are four main training structures in the recovery period and the connecting area of special endurance. The training structure of the cohesive zone includes the connection area between the period of the preparation period and the snow period, the connection area between the preparation period and the competition period, the connecting area of the competition period and the recovery period, and the connecting zone between the recovery period and the preparation period. The training structures are not isolated but are not isolated. The main thread of the formation and development of athletes' competitive state is closely related to each other, which constitutes a complete annual special endurance training structure system.2. In the special endurance training structure, the special aerobic endurance training is used as the main body, and the hierarchical goal setting is adopted. The adaptive small week is used in different training stages. There are significant differences in the maximum oxygen uptake, the percentage of oxygen free threshold, the maximum oxygen uptake platform and the maximum heart rate reserve index after the limit load, and all the different combinations of the small developmental cycle and the impact small cycle can effectively improve the adaptability of the athletes to the large training load. The increase of the cardiopulmonary function, the increase of cardiopulmonary function, the enhancement of aerobic metabolism in the high strength.3, the special anaerobic endurance training in the special endurance training structure, the increase of the specific psychological endurance training ratio and the strengthening of the psychological training method of the association method. In order to improve the athletes' pre competition ability reserve effectively, the experimental results show that there are significant differences between the results measured before the competition and the snow period in the preparation period. All the athletes have a significant increase. The percentage of the athletes' body fat decreases, the upper arm circumference, the thigh circumference and the leg circumference are obviously increased, and the physical morphological indexes are close to the excellent transport. Mobilizing the muscle type characteristic.4, the training structure of the special endurance recovery period is mainly based on the recovery and compensatory aerobic endurance training. The training arrangement of 2 and 3 level exercise intensity, a step by step reduction of small cycle, and the increase of strength training proportion can effectively reduce the loss ratio of the athletes' special endurance capacity reserve. The experiment shows that the body is in the body before and after the recovery period. There was a slight decrease in morphological indexes and significant differences in physiological indexes compared with the competition period. The maximum oxygen uptake, the maximum oxygen uptake platform and the percentage of anaerobic threshold decreased in varying degrees, but the speed and amplitude were less than 10%, which was beneficial to the recovery of.5 in short period training, and the period of preparation period and snow in the training structure of special endurance junction area. 1 adaptable development cycles are adopted in the connection area, and 1-2 small impact cycles are adopted in the junction area of the snow period and the pre competition sub stage, which can effectively promote the stability and improvement of the competitive state. 1 reduction cycles are adopted in the match period and the recovery period, and 2-3 training arrangements to improve the development period are adopted in the recovery period and the next annual preparation period. It can effectively improve the adaptability of athletes to the change of load. The experiment shows that the biochemical indexes of the test in each connection area are in the normal range, and the hemoglobin, serum creatine kinase and the comprehensive index of blood urea reflect the moderate exercise load, and the physical function of the athletes is in a steady and steady state.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：G863.13
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本文編號：1936908