發(fā)布時間：2018-01-10 17:00

  本文關(guān)鍵詞：清代江西書院學(xué)規(guī)中的課程與教學(xué)思想研究　出處：《江西師范大學(xué)》2013年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 清代 江西書院 學(xué)規(guī) 課程與教學(xué)思想

【摘要】：清代江西書院數(shù)量眾多，影響極大，在書院史上有著獨特的貢獻。書院學(xué)規(guī)是書院各種規(guī)條的總稱，這些規(guī)條里面蘊含了大量的課程與教學(xué)思想。本文擬從課程論、教學(xué)論以及考試學(xué)三個方面對書院學(xué)規(guī)中所體現(xiàn)的課程與教學(xué)內(nèi)容、教學(xué)方法以及考課評價進行分析，發(fā)現(xiàn)有如下特點： 清代學(xué)規(guī)中所體現(xiàn)的課程與教學(xué)內(nèi)容中，課程類型豐富多樣，不僅有經(jīng)史之學(xué)，還有詩賦之學(xué)、經(jīng)世致用之學(xué)，甚至宣講《圣諭廣訓(xùn)》、研究字畫；課程目標除全面應(yīng)對科舉之外，還有一定的實用價值，提倡經(jīng)世致用，鼓勵生徒學(xué)習(xí)治事之學(xué)；課程組織具有順序性與連續(xù)性，除輪年遍習(xí)《五經(jīng)》之外，讀每本書如何計劃學(xué)習(xí)都有詳細規(guī)定；課程資源具有廣普性，書院購置多種圖書供生徒學(xué)習(xí)查閱，生徒可以根據(jù)自己的興趣、特長在浩瀚的書籍中選擇適合自己的書目。清朝末期對書院課程改革時增加西方課程的同時也保留了傳統(tǒng)內(nèi)容，從書院改制的進程可以看出，書院課程改革與其他教育改革相互推動。 書院學(xué)規(guī)中體現(xiàn)的教學(xué)方法多種多樣，本文歸納出九種教學(xué)方法，，有“貫通經(jīng)史，取精用宏”；“背誦如瓶瀉水，資深而逢源”；“按節(jié)而趨，計候而進”；“各置一簿，日畫一格”；“澄心燭理，思同思異”；“立論不謬圣人，路途不必盡同”；“聚精會神，息心靜氣”；“學(xué)問中取朋友，朋友中得學(xué)問”；“應(yīng)試科舉，貴在力行”。體現(xiàn)了書院重視自主學(xué)習(xí)、強調(diào)學(xué)習(xí)的計劃性，教給學(xué)生相關(guān)學(xué)習(xí)策略，并讓其綜合運用人力資源的特點。但不可否認，書院教學(xué)一味強調(diào)求同思維，造成了整個清代學(xué)術(shù)沉悶，沒有創(chuàng)新和發(fā)展，書院也因此失去了活力，最終退出了歷史舞臺。 最后，從考課的時間、類型、內(nèi)容對書院考課進行整理，書院考課一般在每月“逢三”、“逢六”“逢八”時進行，有官課和師課，考試內(nèi)容以四書文為主，兼顧其他。在考課組織方面，對于考試資格審查、考試紀律要求與考試交卷程序方面有嚴格的要求。評卷有嚴格的評卷標準，考試成績良好者，不僅有物質(zhì)獎勵還有精神獎勵。如若排名靠后，則將受到懲罰。由此我們可以看出書院考課具有形式單一性、科舉導(dǎo)向性、激勵作用以及組織嚴謹性等特點。
[Abstract]:Jiangxi Academy of Classics in Qing Dynasty has a large number of great influence and has a unique contribution in the history of the Academy. Academy rules is the general name of various rules of the Academy. These regulations contain a large number of curriculum and teaching ideas. This paper intends to study the curriculum and teaching contents embodied in the academy rules from three aspects: curriculum theory, teaching theory and examination theory. The teaching methods and the evaluation of the examination course are analyzed, and the following characteristics are found: In the curriculum and teaching contents embodied in the academic rules of the Qing Dynasty, the curriculum types are rich and diverse, not only in the study of history, but also in the study of poetry and Fu, in the study of practical use, and even in the teaching of "the Sanctuary and the wide training", and in the study of calligraphy and painting; Besides dealing with the imperial examination in an all-round way, the curriculum objective has certain practical value, which advocates the practice of the world and encourages the students to learn the school of governing the affairs. The course organization has the order and the continuity, in addition to turns the year to study "five classics", reads each book how to plan the study to have the detailed stipulation; The curriculum resources are extensive, the college buys a variety of books for students to study and consult, students can according to their own interests. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the western curriculum was added to the curriculum reform of the academy, and the traditional content was retained, which can be seen from the process of the reform of the college system. College curriculum reform and other educational reforms promote each other. There are a variety of teaching methods embodied in the academic rules of the Academy. Nine teaching methods are summarized in this paper, which are "through the history of the classics, taking the best use of macros"; "recitation is like a bottle of water, senior and meet the source"; "according to section and trend, plan and advance"; "place a book each, draw a box in a day"; "clear heart and candle, think of the same and think of differences"; "it is not necessary to make the same journey as a sage." "concentrate on the mind, rest the mind quiet Qi"; "take a friend from learning, learn from a friend"; "the examination-oriented imperial examination," which reflects the college attaches importance to autonomous learning, emphasizes the planning of learning, teach students relevant learning strategies, and let them make comprehensive use of human resources, but there is no denying the characteristics. Because of the academic dullness in the whole Qing Dynasty, the academy lost its vitality and finally withdrew from the stage of history. Finally, from the examination time, type, content to collate the college examination class, the college examination class generally in each month "every three", "every six" "every eight" time, there are official classes and teacher classes, the content of the examination is mainly four books. In the aspect of examination organization, there are strict requirements for examination qualification examination, examination discipline requirements and examination paper submission procedures. There are strict evaluation standards for examination papers and those with good test results. There are not only material rewards but also spiritual rewards. If ranked at the bottom, they will be punished. From this, we can see that the college examinations have the characteristics of form singularity, imperial examination guidance, incentive function and organizational rigour.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：江西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：G649.299

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本文編號：1406043