【摘要】：隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)的快速發(fā)展,各種結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的建筑設(shè)施大量涌現(xiàn),同時(shí)伴隨著行人出行頻率的增加和大型公共活動(dòng)的增多,在一些公共場所如學(xué)校、體育館、地鐵站、火車站等經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)大規(guī)模人群的聚集。在高密度人群環(huán)境中,個(gè)體運(yùn)動(dòng)嚴(yán)重受阻,容易引發(fā)擁擠踩踏。當(dāng)前針對行人疏散的研究絕大多數(shù)都集中在行人視野正常、外界能見度良好的情況下,然而當(dāng)火災(zāi)發(fā)生時(shí)產(chǎn)生的煙塵或其它原因造成電力照明系統(tǒng)崩潰會(huì)導(dǎo)致外界能見度下降,此時(shí)行人的視野會(huì)受到不同程度的影響。所以本文采用實(shí)驗(yàn)和模型相結(jié)合的方法,對視野受限下行人微觀運(yùn)動(dòng)和疏散過程進(jìn)行了研究。為獲取行人在視野受限條件下運(yùn)動(dòng)的基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù),我們首先開展了基本的單列行人運(yùn)動(dòng)實(shí)驗(yàn)。后期基于實(shí)驗(yàn)視頻和軌跡分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)行人在視野受限情況下傾向于尋找邊界和跟隨前方行人運(yùn)動(dòng);隨著人員密度的增加,行人軌跡的側(cè)向擺幅增大;隨著能見度的降低,高密度下走�，F(xiàn)象開始占據(jù)交通主導(dǎo),并逐漸向中等密度延伸;前向距離與運(yùn)動(dòng)速度關(guān)系可以分為運(yùn)動(dòng)受限和自由運(yùn)動(dòng)兩個(gè)階段:在運(yùn)動(dòng)受限階段,前向距離與運(yùn)動(dòng)速度之間的相關(guān)性隨著視野受限程度的加重而越來越弱;而在自由運(yùn)動(dòng)階段,不同透光率下行人的自由運(yùn)動(dòng)速度都符合高斯分布(vLT=0.3%～N(1.31,0.072),vLT=0.1%～N(0.71,0.092)和vLT=0.0%～N(0.45,0.102));視野受限條件下密度與流量關(guān)系大致可以分為三個(gè)階段:自由流階段、最大流階段和擁擠流階段。透光率0.3%、0.1%和0.0%下的最大流量分別為1.3s-1、1.1s-s和0.9s-1左右。為研究視野受限情況下行人的疏散過程,我們分別針對視野部分受限和完全受限兩種情況開展了疏散實(shí)驗(yàn)和模型模擬。在部分受限的超市疏散實(shí)驗(yàn)中,觀察到行人的一些典型行為包括跟隨行為、幫助行為和尋找依附物行為。隨后又設(shè)計(jì)了調(diào)查問卷進(jìn)一步對受限視野下的行人疏散進(jìn)行研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)問卷結(jié)果與實(shí)驗(yàn)觀察結(jié)果存在一定差異。最后構(gòu)建了考慮視野受限情況下行人典型行為特征的疏散模型,不同場景下模擬結(jié)果與實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果的高度吻合驗(yàn)證了模型的可靠性。針對完全受限的情況,實(shí)驗(yàn)觀察到行人首先會(huì)沿著當(dāng)前的朝向運(yùn)動(dòng)去尋找墻壁;在找到墻后此時(shí)行人有選擇左手側(cè)方向運(yùn)動(dòng)的傾向;之后行人會(huì)繼續(xù)沿墻運(yùn)動(dòng),運(yùn)動(dòng)過程中行人會(huì)采取不同的策略來解決與他人的沖突,直至最后找到出口離開。此外T檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明行人沿墻運(yùn)動(dòng)速度大于未找到墻的運(yùn)動(dòng)速度。隨后基于實(shí)驗(yàn)觀察和分析結(jié)果,建立了多格子人員疏散模型,模擬重現(xiàn)了實(shí)驗(yàn)中行人的典型運(yùn)動(dòng)特征。最后通過對比正常視野和視野完全受限下的疏散,發(fā)現(xiàn)兩者既有相同點(diǎn)也有不同點(diǎn)。相同點(diǎn)是:人員在均勻分布、隨機(jī)分布和集中分布下,整體的疏散時(shí)間差別不大;兩種視野情況下的行人疏散時(shí)間都隨著初始人員密度的增加而上升;增加出口數(shù)量能降低人員疏散時(shí)間,視野完全受限情況下效果更顯著;疏散過程中連續(xù)兩人通過出口的時(shí)間間隔都呈現(xiàn)冪律關(guān)系。不同點(diǎn)是:正常視野下行人運(yùn)動(dòng)速度更快并且疏散距離更短,故其所需的疏散時(shí)間明顯要短于視野完全受限下的疏散;增加出口寬度對于正常視野下的疏散十分有利而對于視野完全受限下的疏散幾乎沒有影響;正常視野條件下疏散中行人大多集中在出口附近,而在視野完全受限下墻的周邊是人員高密度區(qū)域。通過以上研究我們對視野受限條件下的行人運(yùn)動(dòng)和疏散有了更深的認(rèn)識(shí),接下來將探討該如何對視野受限環(huán)境中的行人進(jìn)行疏散引導(dǎo)。首先,基于多格子模型我們建立了考慮引導(dǎo)員存在的人員疏散模型。模型中一共設(shè)置兩種行人類型:引導(dǎo)員和跟隨者。其次,針對視野受限情況下的引導(dǎo)員數(shù)量、類型、分布、運(yùn)動(dòng)速度及引導(dǎo)策略對疏散時(shí)間的影響開展了模擬研究。最終模擬結(jié)果表明:有標(biāo)識(shí)的引導(dǎo)員在人群中容易被其他行人識(shí)別,從而能發(fā)揮更大引導(dǎo)作用,其疏散時(shí)間較無標(biāo)識(shí)的引導(dǎo)員情況降低了 7%;動(dòng)態(tài)引導(dǎo)中引導(dǎo)員通過自身運(yùn)動(dòng)擴(kuò)大了引導(dǎo)范圍,疏散時(shí)間較靜態(tài)引導(dǎo)下減少了 20%;綜合考慮人力成本和疏散時(shí)間的情況下存在一個(gè)相對較優(yōu)的引導(dǎo)員數(shù)量;引導(dǎo)員的均勻分布能覆蓋更大的引導(dǎo)面積從而更有利于整體疏散,但這跟實(shí)際中其他行人的分布有關(guān);引導(dǎo)員的運(yùn)動(dòng)速度約為其他行人速度的75%時(shí),疏散引導(dǎo)效果最優(yōu);對比不同的疏散引導(dǎo)策略,發(fā)現(xiàn)綜合考慮與目標(biāo)行人的距離和目標(biāo)行人周圍人數(shù)策略下的整體疏散時(shí)間最短;多個(gè)引導(dǎo)員之間的交流合作能避免在選擇引導(dǎo)目標(biāo)時(shí)產(chǎn)生沖突,此時(shí)整體疏散效率提高了 6%。
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of the economy and society, various complex construction facilities have springing up. At the same time, with the increase of pedestrian travel frequency and the increase of large public activities, large crowds often appear in some public places such as schools, gymnasiums, subway stations and railway stations. In the high density population environment, the individual movement is serious. At present, most of the studies on pedestrian evacuation are concentrated in the case of normal pedestrian vision and good visibility, however, when the smoke or other causes caused by the fire and other causes cause the breakdown of the power lighting system, the visibility of the pedestrians will be reduced, and the vision of pedestrians will be different at this time. In order to obtain the basic data of the pedestrian movement under the limited field of vision, we first carried out a basic single row pedestrian movement experiment. In the later period, we found pedestrians based on the experimental video and the trajectory analysis. With the increase of the density of personnel, the lateral pendulum of the pedestrian path increases with the increase of the density of people. With the decrease of visibility, the phenomenon of high density down stop begins to dominate the traffic and extends to the medium density, and the relationship between the forward distance and the velocity can be divided into limited motion. In the two stage of free movement, the correlation between the forward distance and the speed of motion is becoming weaker and weaker, while in the free movement stage, the free movement speed of pedestrians under different transmittance rates conforms to the Gauss distribution (vLT=0.3% to N (1.31,0.072), vLT=0.1% to N (0.71,0.092) and vLT=0.0%. N (0.45,0.102)); the relationship between density and flow can be roughly divided into three stages: the free flow stage, the maximum flow stage and the congestion flow stage. The transmittance rate is 0.3%, the maximum flow rate under 0.1% and 0% are 1.3s-1,1.1s-s and 0.9s-1 respectively. The evacuation experiment and model simulation were carried out in two kinds of restricted and completely restricted conditions. In some restricted supermarket evacuation experiments, some typical behaviors of pedestrians were observed, including following behavior, helping behavior and finding dependent behavior. Then a questionnaire was designed to further study the pedestrian evacuation under the limited view. There are some differences between the results of the volume and the experimental results. Finally, an evacuation model of pedestrian typical behavior is constructed. The reliability of the model is verified by the high agreement between the simulation results and the experimental results in different scenes. The experimental results show that pedestrians will first follow the current orientation. The pedestrians will move along the left side and move along the left side of the wall when the wall is found. Then the pedestrians will continue to move along the wall. In the course of the movement, the pedestrian will take different strategies to solve the conflict with others until the exit is found. In addition, the T test results show that the speed of pedestrians moving along the wall is greater than that of the unfound wall. Then, based on the experimental observation and analysis results, the multiple grid personnel evacuation model was established, and the typical motion characteristics of the rows in the experiment were simulated. Finally, the same points and different points were found by comparing the evacuation of the normal field of vision and the completely limited field of vision. In the medium distribution, the whole evacuation time is not very different; the evacuation time of pedestrians in the two field of vision increases with the increase of the initial personnel density; the increase of the number of exits can reduce the time of evacuation and the effect is more obvious in the case of completely limited field of vision; the time interval of the evacuation process shows a power law relationship through the time interval of the exit. The difference is that the pedestrian movement is faster and the evacuation distance is shorter in the normal field of vision, so the evacuation time is obviously shorter than that under the complete confinement of the field of vision; the increase of the exit width is very favorable to the evacuation in the normal field of vision and has little effect on the sparse dispersion under the completely limited field of vision; in the normal field of vision evacuation Most of the pedestrians are concentrated in the vicinity of the exit, and the high density area around the wall under the full limit of vision. Through the above study we have a deeper understanding of the pedestrian movement and evacuation under the limited view of vision. Then we will discuss how to conduct evacuation guidance to the pedestrian in the restricted environment. We set up a personnel evacuation model considering the presence of the guide. There are two types of pedestrians in the model: the guide and the followers. Secondly, the effects of the number, type, distribution, velocity and guidance strategy on the evacuation time are simulated. The guide can be easily identified by other pedestrians in the crowd, and thus can play a greater guiding role. The evacuation time has been reduced by 7% than that of the unidentified guide. The guide operator in the dynamic guidance expands the guide range through its own movement, and the evacuation time is reduced by 20% under the static guidance; the manpower cost and the evacuation time are considered comprehensively. There is a relatively superior number of guides; the uniform distribution of the guide can cover a larger guide area and is more conducive to the whole evacuation, but it is related to the distribution of other pedestrians in practice; the speed of the guide is about 75% of the other pedestrian speed, and the effect of the evacuation Guide is optimal; the different evacuation guidance strategies are compared. The shortest evacuation time is taken into consideration of the distance between the target pedestrians and the number of pedestrians around the target, and the communication and cooperation between the multiple guides can avoid the conflict when choosing the guide target, and the overall evacuation efficiency is improved by 6%.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國科學(xué)技術(shù)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：TU998.1

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