本文選題：商山四皓 + 接受　； 參考：《陜西理工大學》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：“商山四皓”是《史記》和《漢書》中記錄的一組歷史人物,他們在秦末漢初經(jīng)歷了隱居山中,不應(yīng)劉邦之聘,出山保太子劉盈等三次重大抉擇。他們的稱呼也有“四人”、“四老”、“四公”、“四皓”等變化,這些變化中逐漸加入了對于其道德和品行的贊美,隨著后人對他們的經(jīng)歷不斷補充,加上商山在唐代特殊的地理位置,“商山四皓”逐漸代替了“南山四皓”而為人熟知�！吧躺剿酿痹跐h代總體上被作為歌頌劉邦和張良的配襯,三國曹植第一次全面地肯定了四皓的出與處,開創(chuàng)了后世歌頌四皓的基本格局。晉代玄學興起,隱逸之風盛行,四皓被陶淵明等人看做隱士而大加頌揚�；矢χk、葛洪等人還將四皓納入了道教神仙體系之中。在一片頌揚聲中,東晉桓玄第一次對四皓的行為進行了否定,開辟了批評四皓的先河。唐代是四皓接受的一個繁盛時期,唐代作家對四皓的肯定與責難使得四皓形象的內(nèi)涵得到了極大豐富。宋人在繼承前代觀點的基礎(chǔ)上對四皓安儲的真實性進行了理性質(zhì)疑,而在南宋偏安的社會背景下,四皓又被寄寓了家國之思和故土情懷。金元時期的四皓接受呈現(xiàn)出明顯的潦倒文人情調(diào),一方面,金元文人多對四皓的隱逸行為表示贊同,另一方面呈現(xiàn)出對歷史的虛無、調(diào)侃態(tài)度。明清時期,思想專制不斷加強,文字獄盛行,清代學術(shù)風氣趨向于實證考據(jù),因而對于四皓其人其事真實性的質(zhì)疑達到了前所未有的強度。清代的異族統(tǒng)治給明代的遺民士大夫造成了極大的心靈創(chuàng)傷,他們以秦喻清,用漢喻明,借四皓避秦保劉的事跡表達他們反清復明的政治理想。在四皓形象不斷擴展和豐富的過程中,他們被賦予了儒道、神仙等文化內(nèi)涵。他們身上體現(xiàn)了尊老敬長,重德尚賢的儒家文化傳統(tǒng),其行為也符合儒家積極用世,功成不居的價值觀念。同時,在他們身上還體現(xiàn)了道家無為而為,柔弱勝強的智慧,又具有全身保命,自由肆志的灑脫。因為高壽,他們被看做道教的長生神仙,商山也因為他們的隱居而成為道教七十二福地之一。四皓形象在長期的接受過程中已經(jīng)超越了一組歷史人物,成為具有豐富內(nèi)涵的文化符號。
[Abstract]:Shang Shan Sihao is a group of historical figures recorded in Records of History and Han Shu. They lived in seclusion in the late Qin Dynasty and the early Han Dynasty. They should not be hired by Liu Bang and protect Prince Liu Ying. They are also called "four people", "four Old", "four Gongs", "Sihao" and so on. These changes gradually add praise for their morality and conduct, and as their experiences continue to be supplemented by later generations, In addition to the special location of Shangshan in Tang Dynasty, Shangshan Sihao gradually replaced Nanshan Sihao and was well known. Shang Shan Si Hao was generally regarded as the complement of Liu Bang and Zhang Liang in the Han Dynasty. Cao Zhi for the first time fully affirmed Sihao's appearance and created a basic pattern of singing praise to Sihao in later generations. Jin Dynasty, the rise of metaphysics, seclusion prevailing, Sihao was regarded as hermit by Tao Yuanming and extolled. Huangfu Mi, GE Hong and others also put Sihao into the Taoist immortals system. In a eulogy, Huanxuan of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, for the first time, denied Sihao's behavior and opened the way for criticism of Sihao. The Tang Dynasty was a prosperous period for Sihao's acceptance, and the writers' affirmation and censure made the connotation of Sihao's image greatly enriched. On the basis of inheriting the viewpoint of the previous generation, the Song people rationally questioned the authenticity of Sihao'an Zu, but in the social background of the Southern Song Dynasty, Sihao was relegated to the thought of home and country and his native feelings. On the one hand, the scholars of Jin and Yuan Dynasty expressed their approval for Sihao's reclusive behavior, on the other hand, they showed a nihilistic attitude to history. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the ideological autocracy was constantly strengthened, the word prison was prevailing, and the academic ethos of the Qing Dynasty tended to be empirically textual, thus the doubts about the authenticity of Sihao people's affairs reached an unprecedented intensity. The alien rule of the Qing Dynasty caused great mental trauma to the literati and officials of the Ming Dynasty. They expressed their political ideals of opposing the Qing Dynasty and restoring the Ming Dynasty by the deeds of the four Haos avoiding Qin Baoliu. In the process of expanding and enriching Sihao images, they were endowed with Confucianism and Taoism, immortals and other cultural connotations. They embody the Confucian cultural tradition of respecting the old and respecting the long and valuing the virtuous and virtuous, and their behavior conforms to the value of Confucianism's active use of the world and its failure to succeed. At the same time, they also reflected the Taoist inaction, weak and strong wisdom, but also the whole body to protect life, free and free. Because of their longevity, they were regarded as Taoist immortals, and Shang Shan became one of the 72 blessings of Taoism because of their seclusion. Sihao image has surpassed a group of historical figures in the long-term acceptance process and become a cultural symbol with rich connotation.
【學位授予單位】：陜西理工大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：I206.2

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本文編號：2004398