發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-03-16 03:38

  本文選題：非政府組織　切入點(diǎn)：政府責(zé)任　出處：《南京大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：20世紀(jì)80年代以來(lái),人類社會(huì)開(kāi)啟了后工業(yè)化的進(jìn)程,與農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)的簡(jiǎn)單性和確定性,以及工業(yè)社會(huì)初期的低度不確定性和低度復(fù)雜性的社會(huì)治理生態(tài)不同,后工業(yè)社會(huì)的社會(huì)治理生態(tài)表現(xiàn)為高度不確定性和高度復(fù)雜性。在復(fù)雜性的社會(huì)治理生態(tài)之下,各種危機(jī)事件頻發(fā),人類社會(huì)進(jìn)入到貝克所描述的“風(fēng)險(xiǎn)社會(huì)”之中。風(fēng)險(xiǎn)社會(huì)蘊(yùn)含著對(duì)工業(yè)社會(huì)的解構(gòu),它使得政府壟斷的社會(huì)治理模式已經(jīng)無(wú)法適應(yīng)時(shí)代的需求。風(fēng)險(xiǎn)社會(huì)消解國(guó)家治理的有效性,解構(gòu)工業(yè)社會(huì)秩序,引發(fā)諸多危機(jī),同時(shí),又蘊(yùn)含著對(duì)于一種新型的社會(huì)形態(tài)的訴求,釋放出改革的制度空間。為了應(yīng)對(duì)“風(fēng)險(xiǎn)社會(huì)”產(chǎn)生的危機(jī),世界各國(guó)政府都在積極探索政府改革的道路。非政府組織正是在政府改革的過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的,它一經(jīng)興起就表現(xiàn)出了強(qiáng)大的生命力,并在全球范圍掀起“全球結(jié)社革命”。非政府組織是既不屬于公共部門(mén)也不屬于私人部門(mén)的“第三部門(mén)”。它在“政府／市場(chǎng)失靈”之外發(fā)揮著積極的作用,經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展和科學(xué)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步、人們多樣化的需求以及非政府組織自身的發(fā)展壯大都給非政府組織成為多元社會(huì)治理主體提供了可能性。通過(guò)分析我國(guó)非政府組織的成長(zhǎng)歷程,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)非政府組織的產(chǎn)生與以往的自愿性的民間組織既有聯(lián)系但又有根本的區(qū)別。這種區(qū)別在于前者是一種自治性的力量,而后者是一種輔助性的力量。作為一種社會(huì)治理力量,我國(guó)非政府組織的發(fā)展還不成熟,自治性較弱。政府與非政府組織關(guān)系的不順暢是阻礙非政府組織發(fā)展的最大障礙。在計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)期,政府通過(guò)“組織化社會(huì)”的社會(huì)建構(gòu)體系對(duì)社會(huì)實(shí)施全面的控制,擠壓了社會(huì)的發(fā)展空間,使得民間組織的發(fā)展基本處于停滯狀態(tài)。改革開(kāi)放以后,國(guó)家與社會(huì)的關(guān)系開(kāi)始有所轉(zhuǎn)變,非政府組織在改革之中興起。但這一時(shí)期,政府面臨著兩種矛盾：一是“組織化社會(huì)”與“社會(huì)組織化”的社會(huì)建構(gòu)體系并存,在前一種社會(huì)建構(gòu)體系中政府活動(dòng)自如,而在后一種社會(huì)建構(gòu)體系中政府缺乏經(jīng)驗(yàn),特別是處理與非政府組織關(guān)系的經(jīng)驗(yàn)；二是在如何對(duì)待非政府組織時(shí)的兩難抉擇。一方面非政府組織對(duì)政府的合法性構(gòu)成了挑戰(zhàn),政府希望能夠“控制”非政府組織,維護(hù)自身的合法性；另一方面政府需要非政府組織彌補(bǔ)其治理中的不足。政府“控制導(dǎo)向”的思維嚴(yán)重阻礙非政府組織成長(zhǎng)。“控制性思維”在現(xiàn)實(shí)中就表現(xiàn)為“政府本位”的社會(huì)管理,它導(dǎo)致非政府組織社會(huì)認(rèn)同不足,公眾對(duì)于非政府組織的參與度不高。另外,現(xiàn)有的社會(huì)管理體制的不健全,包括登記管理體制、監(jiān)督與問(wèn)責(zé)機(jī)制、評(píng)估與考核機(jī)制,成為非政府組織成長(zhǎng)過(guò)程中最為現(xiàn)實(shí)的制約因素。因此,必須促進(jìn)非政府組織成長(zhǎng)、提高非政府組織的自治性。在非政府組織走向自治的過(guò)程中,政府仍然是最主要的推動(dòng)力,需要承擔(dān)起培育非政府組織的責(zé)任。首先,政府需要拋棄原有的“控制性思維”,確立“復(fù)雜性思維”,如果沒(méi)有思維的根本轉(zhuǎn)變,一切都是“空談”。其次,關(guān)鍵在理順政府與非政府組織關(guān)系,重新定位政府的角色。政府需要從以往的管理者轉(zhuǎn)向服務(wù)者,完善社會(huì)治理體制,為非政府組織提供制度保障與行動(dòng)支持。
[Abstract]:Since 1980s, the human society has started the process of post industrialization, and agricultural society is simple and definite, and social governance of industrial society in the early low uncertainty and low complexity of the ecological, social and ecological governance in post industrial society is a high degree of uncertainty and complexity. Under the social governance ecological complexity, variety the frequent crisis of human society into the Beck described in the "risk society". The risk society contains the deconstruction of the industrial society, it makes the social governance mode of government monopoly has been unable to meet the needs of the times. The effectiveness of the risk society digestion of national governance, the deconstruction of industrial society, caused a lot of crisis, at the same time. It contains for a new form of society demands, release the system space of reform. In order to deal with the "risk society" The crisis, governments around the world are actively exploring the road of reform. The government non governmental organization is generated in the process of the government reforms, it is by a rise on the performance of a strong vitality, and in the global scope of a "Global Association Revolution". Non government organization is neither belongs to the public sector does not belong to the private sector, "the third sector". It plays a positive role in the government / market failure ", the development of economy and the progress of science and technology, people's demands and NGOs grandness to non-governmental organizations to become multiple social governance body provides the possibility. Through the analysis of development of non our government organization, we have found that non-governmental organizations and non-governmental organization and the voluntary is linked but there are fundamental differences. The difference is that the former is a kind of autonomy The power of the latter is a kind of auxiliary power. As a kind of social governance power, the development of non government organizations in China is not mature, autonomy is weak. The government and non governmental organization relationship is not smooth is the largest obstacle for the development of non government organizations. In the planned economy period, the government implemented a comprehensive control on the society through "the organization society" construction system, squeezing the space for development of the society, the development of non-governmental organizations is basically at a standstill. After the reform and opening up, the relationship between state and society has begun to change, the rise of the NGO in the reform. But during this period, the government faces two contradictions: is the coexistence of "organizational socialization" and "social organization" social construction system, in front of a social construction system in the government activities freely, and after a social construction system in the government lack of experience. Don't is to deal with the relationship between NGOs and the experience; two is in the dilemma of how to treat the non government organization. The hand of non-governmental organizations to challenge the legitimacy of the government, the government hopes to "control" non governmental organization, to maintain its legitimacy; on the other hand, the government needs to compensate for the lack of non governmental organizations the governance of the government. "Thought control oriented" seriously hinder NGOs. "Growth control thinking" in reality show "government social management standard", which leads to non governmental organizations lack of social identity, the public for NGO participation is not high. In addition, the current social management the system is not perfect, including the registration and management system, supervision and accountability mechanisms, assessment and evaluation mechanism, a non-governmental organization in the growth process of the most realistic constraints. Therefore, we must promote the non government Growth, improve the autonomy of non-governmental organizations. In the process of non governmental organizations to autonomy, the government is still the main driving force, need to assume the responsibility to cultivate non-governmental organizations. First of all, the government needs to abandon the original "thinking", establish "complex thinking", if no fundamental change in thinking that everything is "empty". Secondly, the key to rationalize the relationship between government and non governmental organizations, re positioning the role of the government. The government needs from the management to service, improve the social management system, and provide an institutional guarantee for non-governmental organizations to support the action.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：D630;D632.9

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本文編號(hào)：1618199