本文選題：工業(yè)“大躍進(jìn)” + 大辦工業(yè)�。� 參考：《南京大學(xué)》2013年碩士論文

【摘要】：在新中國歷史上,“大躍進(jìn)”運(yùn)動(dòng)的影響全面而又深遠(yuǎn),這一時(shí)期的工業(yè)建設(shè)具有顯著不同于其他階段的鮮明特點(diǎn)。1958年起,工業(yè)“大躍進(jìn)”在全國范圍內(nèi)展開。為此,中央將權(quán)力進(jìn)行下放,地方上大辦工業(yè),進(jìn)行所謂“技術(shù)革命”(實(shí)則是科技浮夸),特別是“以鋼為綱”工業(yè)的畸形發(fā)展,使國民經(jīng)濟(jì)出現(xiàn)了嚴(yán)重的失衡局面,經(jīng)濟(jì)陷入嚴(yán)重困難。此時(shí),中央和地方采取過一系列的措施,初步糾正已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)的“左”傾錯(cuò)誤,并取得了一定的效果。 1959年夏召開了廬山會(huì)議,毛澤東發(fā)動(dòng)批判“反右傾”運(yùn)動(dòng),迅速終結(jié)了之前的調(diào)整,各地的“大躍進(jìn)”以更為猛烈的勁頭再次升溫,致使已經(jīng)困難重重的國民經(jīng)濟(jì)雪上加霜,1960年的經(jīng)濟(jì)陷入全面的危機(jī)之中,并導(dǎo)致了空前嚴(yán)重的大饑荒�！按筌S進(jìn)”期間瞎指揮和高指標(biāo)對(duì)工業(yè)產(chǎn)生了極大的破壞,嚴(yán)重影響工業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展能力。 隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)的嚴(yán)重性日益加劇,中央領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人開始面對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí),找尋對(duì)策,邁開經(jīng)濟(jì)調(diào)整的步伐。1960年11月,中央《關(guān)于農(nóng)村人民公社當(dāng)前政策問題的緊急指示信》和八屆九中全會(huì)“調(diào)整、鞏固、充實(shí)、提高”八字方針提出,工業(yè)方面也頒布了《國營(yíng)工業(yè)企業(yè)工作條例(草案)》(即“工業(yè)七十條”),特別是1962年初的“七千人大會(huì)”和西樓會(huì)議，，使各方領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人逐漸認(rèn)清形勢(shì)，糾正工作中的錯(cuò)誤,制定進(jìn)一步的經(jīng)濟(jì)調(diào)整措施,中國經(jīng)濟(jì)逐漸進(jìn)入全面調(diào)整階段,國民經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)趨于好轉(zhuǎn)。 本文共分四節(jié)。第一節(jié)介紹“大躍進(jìn)”發(fā)動(dòng)的起因,從政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)兩方面進(jìn)行闡述,作者認(rèn)為主要是由政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)上的“左”傾錯(cuò)誤所致。第二節(jié)敘述工業(yè)“大躍進(jìn)”發(fā)動(dòng)過程,以鋼產(chǎn)量翻番為主要指標(biāo),全民大煉鋼鐵,中央權(quán)力下放地方,搞經(jīng)濟(jì)協(xié)作區(qū),大辦工業(yè),進(jìn)行“技術(shù)革命”,事后證明了這是一場(chǎng)不折不扣的鬧劇。第三節(jié)描述“大躍進(jìn)”引發(fā)國民經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī),特別是廬山會(huì)議后的繼續(xù)“躍進(jìn)”,使原本困難重重的國民經(jīng)濟(jì)陷入全面危機(jī)之中。在“七千人大會(huì)”和西樓會(huì)議之后,工業(yè)部門對(duì)其進(jìn)行調(diào)整逐漸走出困難,但仍有很多遺留問題沒有解決。第四節(jié)“大躍進(jìn)”期間的工業(yè)狀況作一總結(jié),敘述幾個(gè)重要工業(yè)部門的狀況,并評(píng)估“大躍進(jìn)”給工業(yè)帶來的嚴(yán)重后果。 本文在前人研究的基礎(chǔ)上,針對(duì)工業(yè)“大躍進(jìn)”進(jìn)行深入分析,力圖突破眾口一詞的局面,重新組織體例,詳細(xì)闡釋工業(yè)“大躍進(jìn)”的過程及造成的嚴(yán)重惡果。筆者使用了一大批“大躍進(jìn)”時(shí)期的刊印的小冊(cè)子、宣傳物、文學(xué)作品等資料,使我們能夠深入地進(jìn)入當(dāng)時(shí)的情境,知悉高層領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人及底層的干部和群眾怎樣具體執(zhí)行大躍進(jìn)的政策。在宏觀政策的基礎(chǔ)上,加入微觀的實(shí)證考察分析,或能管中窺豹,透過眾民瘋狂的迷霧來審視那段歷史。
[Abstract]:In the history of the people's Republic of China, the influence of the Great Leap forward Movement was comprehensive and far-reaching, and the industrial construction in this period was obviously different from other stages. Since 1958, the Great Leap forward of Industry has been carried out throughout the country. For this reason, the Central Committee has decentralized power, set up large industries at the local level, and carried out so-called "technological revolutions" (in fact, scientific and technological bravado, especially the abnormal development of the "steel-oriented" industry, which has resulted in a serious imbalance in the national economy. The economy is in serious trouble. At this time, the central and local authorities have taken a series of measures to preliminarily correct the "left" errors that have been discovered, and have achieved certain results. When the Lushan Conference was held in the summer of 1959, Mao Zedong launched a critical "anti-right-leaning" movement, which quickly ended the previous adjustment, and the "Great Leap forward" around the region was once again heated with even more ferocious vigour. The already difficult national economy, which was plunged into an all-out crisis in 1960, led to an unprecedented famine. During the "Great Leap forward" period, blind command and high index caused great damage to industry, which seriously affected the sustainable development ability of industry. As the severity of the economic crisis intensifies, the central leadership has begun to face the reality and seek countermeasures to start the pace of economic readjustment. In November 1960, The Central Committee's "letter of urgent instructions on the current Policy issues of Rural people's Commune" and the "Adjustment, consolidation, enrichment and improvement" of the Ninth Plenary session of the eighth Central Committee have been put forward in the eight-character policy. The industrial side has also promulgated the regulations on the work of State-owned Industrial Enterprises (draft) (that is, "70 articles of Industry"), especially the "7,000 National people's Congress" and the Xilou meeting in early 1962, so that leaders of all sides can gradually recognize the situation and correct mistakes in their work. With the formulation of further economic adjustment measures, China's economy has gradually entered the stage of comprehensive readjustment, and the national economic situation has tended to improve. This article is divided into four sections. The first section introduces the cause of "Great Leap forward", which is mainly caused by the "left" deviation in politics and economy. The second section describes the process of launching the "Great Leap forward" of industry, taking the doubling of steel output as the main indicator, making the whole people smelting iron and steel in a large scale, decentralizing the central authorities to localities, establishing economic cooperation areas, conducting large-scale industrial undertakings and carrying out "technological revolutions". It proved to be a complete farce after the fact. The third section describes that the "Great Leap forward" triggered the national economic crisis, especially the continued "leap forward" after the Lushan Conference, which brought the national economy into a comprehensive crisis. After the "7,000 National people's Congress" and the Xilou meeting, the industrial sector to adjust gradually out of difficulties, but there are still a lot of problems left unsolved. Section four summarizes the industrial situation during the Great Leap forward, describes the situation of several important industrial sectors, and evaluates the serious consequences of the Great Leap forward on industry. On the basis of previous studies, this paper makes an in-depth analysis of the "Great Leap forward" in industry, tries to break through the situation of common words, reorganizes the style, and explains in detail the process of the "Great Leap forward" in industry and its serious consequences. The author used a large number of pamphlets, propaganda and literature published during the Great Leap forward to enable us to go deep into the situation at that time. Know how senior leaders and lower-level cadres and masses implement the Great Leap forward policy. On the basis of macro policy, it may be possible to examine the history through the crazy fog of the masses by adding the microscopic empirical analysis.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：F429

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