【摘要】：我國(guó)是一個(gè)農(nóng)業(yè)大國(guó),但是隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,農(nóng)業(yè)、農(nóng)村、農(nóng)民即“三農(nóng)”,問題,以及城鄉(xiāng)收入差距不斷擴(kuò)大的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)問題逐步凸顯,并已成為影響我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型與發(fā)展成敗的關(guān)鍵所在。解決“三農(nóng)”問題和城鄉(xiāng)收入差距不斷擴(kuò)大這一社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)問題的關(guān)鍵在于農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展：農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展則農(nóng)村生機(jī)興旺,農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展則農(nóng)民增收致富。在當(dāng)代社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下,任何產(chǎn)業(yè)的運(yùn)行與發(fā)展都離不開金融的支持,農(nóng)業(yè)也不例外。鑒于我國(guó)當(dāng)下的金融環(huán)境和制度安排,金融對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)的支持主要表現(xiàn)為信用貸款的形式。當(dāng)前,以農(nóng)村商業(yè)銀行為主、專業(yè)小額貸款公司為補(bǔ)充的涉農(nóng)小額貸款,是促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)進(jìn)步和社會(huì)主義新農(nóng)村建設(shè)的重要手段。但由于商業(yè)貸款的趨利性,加之農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)品的多樣性、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的復(fù)雜化,各大金融機(jī)構(gòu)大多對(duì)涉農(nóng)小額貸款采取回避的態(tài)度。涉農(nóng)小額貸款大多投向了商品流通領(lǐng)域或者與農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)相關(guān)聯(lián)的服務(wù)業(yè),而直接投向農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域,最終沉淀到土地中的貸款則少之又少。涉農(nóng)小額貸款的這一投放傾向或許能在短期內(nèi)增加農(nóng)戶的收入、改善農(nóng)戶生活,但對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)取得長(zhǎng)足發(fā)展并沒有任何幫助。鑒于上述原因,必須通過政策法規(guī)引導(dǎo)涉農(nóng)貸款的投向,以支持新型現(xiàn)代化農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展。 當(dāng)前商業(yè)銀行不愿將貸款投放到農(nóng)業(yè)項(xiàng)目中的主要原因是農(nóng)村缺乏基本的社會(huì)信用體系,信貸風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不可控。因此,為了鼓勵(lì)商業(yè)銀行加大對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)項(xiàng)目的支持,必須建設(shè)農(nóng)村社會(huì)信用體系。農(nóng)村社會(huì)信用體系必須由政府出資,并牽頭組織各大商業(yè)銀行共同建設(shè)。這樣才能實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)戶資信信息在全部商業(yè)銀行范圍內(nèi)流通,以降低商業(yè)銀行的信貸風(fēng)險(xiǎn),減少不良貸款率。近年來,通州出現(xiàn)了景瑞農(nóng)業(yè)“公司+農(nóng)戶”形式的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)合作平臺(tái),此模式不僅有助于現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)大生產(chǎn)的開展、有助于大幅提高農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)力,增加了農(nóng)戶的收入,還增強(qiáng)了農(nóng)戶抵御市場(chǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的能力。這種模式下的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)應(yīng)該是涉農(nóng)小額貸款的主要扶持對(duì)象�！肮�+農(nóng)戶”的現(xiàn)代化農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)模式存在的唯一缺陷是難以抵御巨災(zāi)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。巨災(zāi)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指由洪水、地震、臺(tái)風(fēng)、冰雹、干旱、禽畜疫病等自然災(zāi)害及其他不可抗因素給一定區(qū)域范圍內(nèi)的農(nóng)業(yè)造成巨大損失的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。當(dāng)巨災(zāi)來臨,即便是景瑞“公司+農(nóng)戶”模式下的生產(chǎn)也會(huì)遭受巨額損失,涉農(nóng)貸款就會(huì)成為銀行的壞賬。因此,通過設(shè)立巨災(zāi)保險(xiǎn)、發(fā)行巨災(zāi)債券等一系列措施來完善巨災(zāi)保險(xiǎn)體系,進(jìn)而保障農(nóng)戶的利益是保障農(nóng)村小額貸款穩(wěn)健運(yùn)作的重要匹配措施。此外,還必須創(chuàng)建現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理基金,基金的來源應(yīng)包括政府對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)的各種補(bǔ)貼,農(nóng)業(yè)企業(yè)和農(nóng)戶繳納的部分盈利,以這部分基金作為現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)的最后補(bǔ)償。
[Abstract]:China is a large agricultural country, but with the development of economy, agriculture, rural areas, farmers namely "three rural", problems, and the widening income gap between urban and rural social and economic problems are gradually highlighted. And has become the key to the success or failure of China's economic transformation and development. The key to solve the problem of "three rural areas" and the widening income gap between urban and rural areas lies in the development of agriculture: the development of agriculture will lead to the prosperity of rural life, while the development of agriculture will increase the income of farmers. Under the contemporary social and economic conditions, the operation and development of any industry can not be separated from the financial support, and agriculture is no exception. In view of the current financial environment and institutional arrangements, financial support for agriculture is mainly in the form of credit loans. At present, the rural commercial bank as the main, the specialized small loan company as the supplement, is the important means to promote the agricultural progress and the construction of the new socialist countryside. However, due to the profit trend of commercial loans, the diversity of agricultural products and the complication of risks, most of the major financial institutions take an evasive attitude towards agriculture-related micro-loans. Most of the small loans related to agriculture go to the field of commodity circulation or the service industry associated with agricultural production, but they are directly directed to the field of agricultural production, and the loans precipitated into the land are very few in the end. This propensity to invest in agricultural microfinance may increase farmers' incomes and improve their lives in the short term, but it will not help agriculture to make a substantial progress. In view of the above reasons, agricultural loans must be guided by policies and regulations to support the development of new modern agriculture. The main reason why commercial banks are unwilling to put loans into agricultural projects is the lack of basic social credit system and the uncontrollable credit risk in rural areas. Therefore, in order to encourage commercial banks to increase support for agricultural projects, rural social credit system must be built. Rural social credit system must be funded by the government and lead the construction of major commercial banks. In this way, the credit information of farmers can be circulated in all commercial banks, which can reduce the credit risk of commercial banks and reduce the ratio of non-performing loans. In recent years, the agricultural production cooperation platform in the form of "company farmers" of Jingrui agriculture has emerged in Tongzhou. This mode not only contributes to the development of modern agricultural production, but also helps to greatly improve agricultural productivity and increase the income of farmers. It also increases the ability of farmers to resist market risks. This mode of agricultural production should be the main object of support for agricultural small loans. The only defect of the modern agricultural production mode is that it is difficult to resist the catastrophe risk. Catastrophe risk refers to the risk that natural disasters, such as floods, earthquakes, typhoons, hailstones, droughts, livestock blight, and other irresistible factors will cause huge losses to agriculture in a certain region. When the catastrophe comes, even Jingrui "company farmer" mode of production will suffer huge losses, agricultural loans will become bad debts of banks. Therefore, a series of measures such as establishing catastrophe insurance and issuing catastrophe bonds to improve the catastrophe insurance system and to protect the interests of farmers are important matching measures to ensure the steady operation of rural small loans. In addition, modern agricultural risk management fund must be established. The source of the fund should include all kinds of government subsidies to agriculture, some profits paid by agricultural enterprises and farmers, and this part of fund should be regarded as the last compensation of modern agriculture.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：F832.43

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