金融消費者保護(hù)理論研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-08-19 06:11
【摘要】：伴隨著金融市場的蓬勃發(fā)展,金融產(chǎn)品與金融服務(wù)的普及無疑成為近幾十年來金融業(yè)發(fā)展的主旋律。消費者除了可以享受傳統(tǒng)的銀行、保險、證券服務(wù)以外,還可以購買銀行理財產(chǎn)品、基金定投、儲蓄連接保險等等創(chuàng)新型的金融產(chǎn)品與金融衍生品,享受信用卡、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)金融服務(wù)帶來的便利,極大地方便了消費者,增加了消費者的選擇�？梢哉f,金融產(chǎn)品與金融服務(wù)已然滲透到普通消費者生活的各個方面,成為社會生活不可或缺的一部分,整個金融消費領(lǐng)域呈現(xiàn)出一派欣欣向榮的景象。 但是,2007年由美國次貸危機所引發(fā)的金融危機,使人們不得不回過頭來重新審視這繁榮背后的隱憂。這場自上世紀(jì)30年代的大蕭條之后,波及范圍最廣、破壞力最大的全球性危機,給整個世界的金融體系造成巨大的負(fù)面沖擊,同時也將“金融消費者保護(hù)”這一主題推向前臺,使之成為目前金融領(lǐng)域受關(guān)注度最高的主題。各國金融監(jiān)管當(dāng)局紛紛意識到,正是對金融消費者利益的漠視與保護(hù)不足,誘發(fā)了這次金融危機的爆發(fā)。在堅持審慎性監(jiān)管的同時,突出金融消費者保護(hù)目標(biāo)的重要地位,避免監(jiān)管缺位,以防止新的危機的發(fā)生,已在世界范圍內(nèi)達(dá)成共識。 事實上,金融消費者保護(hù)并不是次貸危機爆發(fā)后才出現(xiàn)的新鮮事物,早在二十世紀(jì)六十年代,金融消費者保護(hù)便已經(jīng)隨著全球轟轟烈烈的消費者保護(hù)運動而進(jìn)入了人們的視野,成為消費者保護(hù)的一個重要組成部分。隨后,金融消費者保護(hù)逐步被各國金融監(jiān)管當(dāng)局納入本國的金融監(jiān)管體系,至二十世紀(jì)九十年代中后期,隨著英國經(jīng)濟學(xué)家Michael Taylor(1995)“雙峰理論”(Twin Peaks)的提出,金融消費者保護(hù)已經(jīng)成為與審慎性監(jiān)管并列的金融監(jiān)管目標(biāo)之一。世界各主要經(jīng)濟組織和監(jiān)管機構(gòu)以及各國金融監(jiān)管當(dāng)局相繼出臺了一系列與保護(hù)金融消費者權(quán)益相關(guān)的法律、法規(guī)和監(jiān)管條例,涵蓋銀行、證券、保險、非銀行金融機構(gòu)等涉及金融消費的各個行業(yè),應(yīng)該說,在世界范圍內(nèi),已然搭建起了一個金融消費者保護(hù)的基本框架。 但是無論在傳統(tǒng)的消費者保護(hù)體系內(nèi),還是在金融消費者保護(hù)框架之下,都沒能使消費者在金融消費領(lǐng)域的權(quán)益得到切實的保障,隨著金融消費者與金融機構(gòu)之間的地位平衡不斷被打破,金融消費者的權(quán)益受到各種掠奪性交易的侵害,嚴(yán)重動搖了消費者對于金融市場的信心,破壞了金融業(yè)賴以發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ),影響到整個金融體系的穩(wěn)定性。因此,有必要對金融消費者保護(hù)的相關(guān)問題進(jìn)行更加深入細(xì)致的研究,必須搞清楚其中一些關(guān)鍵性的問題,包括：金融消費過程中,哪些消費者的權(quán)益應(yīng)該受到特殊的保護(hù)?傳統(tǒng)的消費者保護(hù)以及現(xiàn)有的監(jiān)管保護(hù)為何都沒有起到切實保護(hù)金融消費者利益的作用?究竟哪些因素導(dǎo)致了金融消費者利益受損?這些潛在威脅到底是如何對金融消費者權(quán)益產(chǎn)生影響的?現(xiàn)有的金融消費者保護(hù)體系為何沒能有效的消除這些潛在威脅?如何構(gòu)建真正有效的金融消費者保護(hù)體系,以及在這過程當(dāng)中需要避免哪些問題?等等。 本文的出發(fā)點正是為了回答這些問題,試圖通過對現(xiàn)實中所存在的種種侵害金融消費者的現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行剖析提煉,歸納出導(dǎo)致金融消費者利益受損的關(guān)鍵性問題,運用更加嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)慕?jīng)濟學(xué)工具加以分析,弄清金融消費者利益受損的真正原因以及應(yīng)對策略,并結(jié)合各國現(xiàn)有監(jiān)管保護(hù)體系的缺陷與不足,探討如何構(gòu)建可行高效的新的金融消費者保護(hù)體系。全文的主要內(nèi)容如下： 一、國內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀。對國際上現(xiàn)有相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)從三個維度進(jìn)行了梳理：以需求一方為研究視角、以供給一方為研究視角以及以監(jiān)管方為研究視角。同時,本章也介紹了我國在該領(lǐng)域的研究進(jìn)展,在肯定現(xiàn)有研究貢獻(xiàn)的同時,歸納已有理論研究存在的主要問題。 二、歸納提煉出金融消費者保護(hù)的理論框架。即：金融機構(gòu)一方的壟斷地位與信息優(yōu)勢使金融機構(gòu)有能力實施掠奪性的金融交易,從而榨取金融消費者的利益,損害金融消費者的權(quán)益。金融機構(gòu)形成的利益集團(tuán)可以憑借自身強大的力量影響監(jiān)管機構(gòu)的決策,阻礙金融消費者保護(hù)政策的訂立與執(zhí)行,使消費者的權(quán)益得不到充分保障。而作為金融交易需求一方的消費者,由于自身的專業(yè)知識不足與認(rèn)知偏差,使自身的處境更加不利,有可能被金融機構(gòu)所利用,并加劇了自身的弱勢地位。因此,實施金融消費者保護(hù),構(gòu)建金融消費者保護(hù)體系,應(yīng)該從打破金融壟斷、消除信息不對稱、降低利益集團(tuán)的影響、通過金融教育提高金融消費者專業(yè)能力、消除認(rèn)知偏差以及提供必要的金融救濟幾個方面入手。 三、金融壟斷與金融消費者保護(hù)的關(guān)系。目前世界各國普遍存在金融壟斷。結(jié)合前人的研究成果,本文通過測算證明,我國的整體金融壟斷狀況較之西方發(fā)達(dá)國家更加明顯。金融壟斷抑制了市場競爭,使金融機構(gòu)得以實施壟斷高價、不合理收費等市場濫用行為,并給金融消費者維權(quán)造成困難。 四、信息與金融消費者保護(hù)的關(guān)系。闡述了信息不對稱問題在消費金融市場的表現(xiàn)、成因。雖然信息披露可以緩解信息不對稱,但在金融產(chǎn)品風(fēng)險較高時,金融機構(gòu)缺乏信息披露的動力,為了提高自身收益,對金融消費者隱匿產(chǎn)品風(fēng)險等重要信息。因此,監(jiān)管部門有必要制定披露規(guī)則,強制金融機構(gòu)披露影響消費者決策的重要信息,對金融消費者進(jìn)行傾斜性保護(hù)。 五、掠奪性金融的產(chǎn)生及其對消費者利益的損害。金融機構(gòu)依托壟斷地位與信息優(yōu)勢來實施掠奪性金融交易,以實現(xiàn)自身利益最大化,但是使金融消費者的權(quán)益受損,對整個社會的福利也是一種損害。監(jiān)管機構(gòu)可以通過對金融產(chǎn)品的限價以及引入競爭來實現(xiàn)對掠奪性金融的監(jiān)管,起到保護(hù)金融消費者的作用。 六、金融消費者認(rèn)知偏差對自身利益的影響。分析發(fā)現(xiàn),由于金融消費者專業(yè)知識缺乏,容易對金融機構(gòu)產(chǎn)生依賴,錯誤的認(rèn)為金融機構(gòu)以消費者利益為決策出發(fā)點。而由于現(xiàn)有金融產(chǎn)品的盈利模式,導(dǎo)致金融機構(gòu)有激勵利用消費者的盲從心理向消費者推銷不適宜產(chǎn)品。即便金融消費者以期望收益最大化的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來進(jìn)行理性選擇,由于決策之初的錯誤認(rèn)識,仍可能被金融機構(gòu)利用,風(fēng)險偏好被放大,購買不適合自身抗風(fēng)險能力的高風(fēng)險產(chǎn)品,對自身利益構(gòu)成傷害。因此需要通過金融教育等方式增強消費者的風(fēng)險意識,扭轉(zhuǎn)消費者的錯誤認(rèn)識,降低消費者對金融機構(gòu)的依賴與盲從,保障金融消費者利益。 七、構(gòu)建科學(xué)高效的金融消費者保護(hù)體系。首先對現(xiàn)有金融消費者保護(hù)體系存在的弊端進(jìn)行剖析,進(jìn)而結(jié)合前文的理論分析,從保護(hù)目標(biāo)、構(gòu)建原則、立法保障、機構(gòu)設(shè)置、機構(gòu)職能等方面詳細(xì)闡述了如何有針對性的構(gòu)建金融消費者保護(hù)體系。最后提出了構(gòu)建以消費者為導(dǎo)向的傾斜性保護(hù)體系過程中可能碰到并且力爭避免的幾大問題。 簡要概括本文的脈絡(luò),就是從金融消費的現(xiàn)實中提煉問題,通過經(jīng)濟學(xué)理論分析解決問題,最后再將分析結(jié)果運用到指導(dǎo)完善金融消費者保護(hù)的實際工作中去,完成現(xiàn)實到理論再回歸現(xiàn)實的升華。
[Abstract]:With the vigorous development of the financial market, the popularity of financial products and services has undoubtedly become the main theme of the development of the financial industry in recent decades.Consumers can not only enjoy traditional banking, insurance, securities services, but also purchase innovative financial products and gold, such as bank financing products, fund investment, deposit-linked insurance and so on. Financial derivatives, credit cards and Internet financial services have greatly facilitated consumers and increased their choices. It can be said that financial products and financial services have penetrated into all aspects of the lives of ordinary consumers and become an indispensable part of social life. The whole field of financial consumption is showing a thriving scene. A scene of glory.
But the financial crisis triggered by the U.S. subprime mortgage crisis in 2007 has forced people to look back at the underlying worries of this boom. The theme of "financial consumer protection" has been pushed forward and made it the most concerned topic in the financial field. Financial regulatory authorities have realized that it is the lack of protection and neglect of the interests of financial consumers that triggered the outbreak of the financial crisis. A worldwide consensus has been reached on the importance of safeguarding objectives and avoiding regulatory gaps to prevent new crises.
In fact, financial consumer protection is not a new thing after the outbreak of the subprime mortgage crisis. As early as the 1960s, financial consumer protection has entered people's vision with the global vigorous consumer protection movement and become an important part of consumer protection. Subsequently, financial consumer protection. By the mid and late 1990s, with the advent of the British economist Michael Taylor (1995) Twin Peaks, the protection of financial consumers had become one of the financial regulatory objectives in parallel with Prudential regulation. Organizations, regulators and financial regulatory authorities of various countries have successively promulgated a series of laws, regulations and regulations related to the protection of the rights and interests of financial consumers, covering banks, securities, insurance, non-bank financial institutions and other industries involving financial consumption. It should be said that in the world, a financial consumer insurance has been established. The basic framework of nursing.
However, no matter in the traditional consumer protection system or in the framework of financial consumer protection, consumers'rights and interests in the field of financial consumption have been effectively protected. With the status balance between financial consumers and financial institutions being broken, the rights and interests of financial consumers have been violated by various predatory transactions. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a more in-depth and detailed study on the issues related to the protection of financial consumers, and to clarify some of the key issues, including the process of financial consumption. Which consumers'rights and interests should be specially protected? Why do traditional consumer protection and existing regulatory protection fail to effectively protect the interests of financial consumers? What factors lead to the loss of financial consumers' interests? How do these potential threats affect the rights and interests of financial consumers? Why do some financial consumer protection systems fail to effectively eliminate these potential threats? How to build a truly effective financial consumer protection system, and what problems need to be avoided in the process?
The starting point of this paper is to answer these questions, trying to analyze and refine the various phenomena of infringement on financial consumers in reality, summarize the key problems that lead to the loss of the interests of financial consumers, and use more rigorous economic tools to analyze, to find out the real reasons for the loss of the interests of financial consumers. The main contents of this paper are as follows:1.
Firstly, the research status at home and abroad is summarized. The existing literature in the world is sorted out from three dimensions: the demand side as the research perspective, the supply side as the research perspective and the regulator as the research perspective. Study the main problems.
Secondly, it summarizes and refines the theoretical framework of financial consumer protection, that is, the monopoly position and information superiority of one financial institution enable financial institutions to carry out predatory financial transactions, thereby extracting the interests of financial consumers and harming the rights and interests of financial consumers. As one of the demanders of financial transactions, consumers, owing to their lack of professional knowledge and cognitive bias, are in a more disadvantageous situation, and may be used by financial institutions, which aggravates their self-interest. Therefore, the implementation of financial consumer protection and the construction of financial consumer protection system should start with breaking financial monopoly, eliminating information asymmetry, reducing the impact of interest groups, improving the professional ability of financial consumers through financial education, eliminating cognitive bias and providing necessary financial relief.
Thirdly, the relationship between financial monopoly and the protection of financial consumers. At present, financial monopoly is prevalent all over the world. Combined with the previous research results, this paper proves that the overall financial monopoly situation in China is more obvious than that in western developed countries. Financial monopoly restrains the market competition and makes it unreasonable for financial institutions to monopolize high prices. The abuse of fees and other markets has caused difficulties for financial consumers to safeguard their rights.
Fourthly, the relationship between information and the protection of financial consumers. This paper expounds the performance and causes of information asymmetry in the consumer financial market. Although information disclosure can alleviate information asymmetry, financial institutions lack the motivation to disclose information when the risk of financial products is high. In order to improve their own income, financial consumers should conceal the risks of products and so on. Therefore, it is necessary for regulators to make disclosure rules, force financial institutions to disclose important information that affects consumer decision-making, and provide preferential protection for financial consumers.
Fifth, the emergence of predatory finance and its harm to consumers'interests. Financial institutions rely on monopoly status and information advantages to implement predatory financial transactions to maximize their own interests, but the interests of financial consumers are damaged, and the welfare of the whole society is also damaged. Regulators can limit financial products. Price and the introduction of competition to control predatory finance play a role in protecting financial consumers.
Sixthly, the impact of financial consumers'cognitive bias on their own interests. The analysis finds that financial consumers are easy to rely on financial institutions because of their lack of expertise, and mistakenly believe that financial institutions take the interests of consumers as the starting point for decision-making. However, the existing profit model of financial products leads to the blindness of financial institutions in encouraging the use of consumers. Even if financial consumers make rational choices based on the criteria of maximizing their expected returns, they may be exploited by financial institutions at the beginning of the decision-making process, risk preferences magnified, and high-risk products that are not suitable for their own risk-resistant capabilities will harm their own interests. Through financial education and other means to enhance consumer awareness of risk, reverse the wrong understanding of consumers, reduce consumer dependence on financial institutions and blind obedience to protect the interests of financial consumers.
Seventh, to build a scientific and efficient financial consumer protection system. First of all, this paper analyzes the drawbacks of the existing financial consumer protection system, and then combines the theoretical analysis of the previous paper, from the protection objectives, construction principles, legislative protection, institutional settings, institutional functions and other aspects of a detailed description of how to build a targeted financial consumer protection system. Finally, several problems that may be encountered and should be avoided in the process of building a consumer-oriented inclined protection system are put forward.
This paper briefly summarizes the context of this article, which is to extract problems from the reality of financial consumption, solve problems through economic theory analysis, and finally apply the analysis results to guide the practical work of perfecting financial consumer protection to complete the sublimation from reality to theory and then return to reality.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：F830
本文編號：2190881
[Abstract]:With the vigorous development of the financial market, the popularity of financial products and services has undoubtedly become the main theme of the development of the financial industry in recent decades.Consumers can not only enjoy traditional banking, insurance, securities services, but also purchase innovative financial products and gold, such as bank financing products, fund investment, deposit-linked insurance and so on. Financial derivatives, credit cards and Internet financial services have greatly facilitated consumers and increased their choices. It can be said that financial products and financial services have penetrated into all aspects of the lives of ordinary consumers and become an indispensable part of social life. The whole field of financial consumption is showing a thriving scene. A scene of glory.
But the financial crisis triggered by the U.S. subprime mortgage crisis in 2007 has forced people to look back at the underlying worries of this boom. The theme of "financial consumer protection" has been pushed forward and made it the most concerned topic in the financial field. Financial regulatory authorities have realized that it is the lack of protection and neglect of the interests of financial consumers that triggered the outbreak of the financial crisis. A worldwide consensus has been reached on the importance of safeguarding objectives and avoiding regulatory gaps to prevent new crises.
In fact, financial consumer protection is not a new thing after the outbreak of the subprime mortgage crisis. As early as the 1960s, financial consumer protection has entered people's vision with the global vigorous consumer protection movement and become an important part of consumer protection. Subsequently, financial consumer protection. By the mid and late 1990s, with the advent of the British economist Michael Taylor (1995) Twin Peaks, the protection of financial consumers had become one of the financial regulatory objectives in parallel with Prudential regulation. Organizations, regulators and financial regulatory authorities of various countries have successively promulgated a series of laws, regulations and regulations related to the protection of the rights and interests of financial consumers, covering banks, securities, insurance, non-bank financial institutions and other industries involving financial consumption. It should be said that in the world, a financial consumer insurance has been established. The basic framework of nursing.
However, no matter in the traditional consumer protection system or in the framework of financial consumer protection, consumers'rights and interests in the field of financial consumption have been effectively protected. With the status balance between financial consumers and financial institutions being broken, the rights and interests of financial consumers have been violated by various predatory transactions. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a more in-depth and detailed study on the issues related to the protection of financial consumers, and to clarify some of the key issues, including the process of financial consumption. Which consumers'rights and interests should be specially protected? Why do traditional consumer protection and existing regulatory protection fail to effectively protect the interests of financial consumers? What factors lead to the loss of financial consumers' interests? How do these potential threats affect the rights and interests of financial consumers? Why do some financial consumer protection systems fail to effectively eliminate these potential threats? How to build a truly effective financial consumer protection system, and what problems need to be avoided in the process?
The starting point of this paper is to answer these questions, trying to analyze and refine the various phenomena of infringement on financial consumers in reality, summarize the key problems that lead to the loss of the interests of financial consumers, and use more rigorous economic tools to analyze, to find out the real reasons for the loss of the interests of financial consumers. The main contents of this paper are as follows:1.
Firstly, the research status at home and abroad is summarized. The existing literature in the world is sorted out from three dimensions: the demand side as the research perspective, the supply side as the research perspective and the regulator as the research perspective. Study the main problems.
Secondly, it summarizes and refines the theoretical framework of financial consumer protection, that is, the monopoly position and information superiority of one financial institution enable financial institutions to carry out predatory financial transactions, thereby extracting the interests of financial consumers and harming the rights and interests of financial consumers. As one of the demanders of financial transactions, consumers, owing to their lack of professional knowledge and cognitive bias, are in a more disadvantageous situation, and may be used by financial institutions, which aggravates their self-interest. Therefore, the implementation of financial consumer protection and the construction of financial consumer protection system should start with breaking financial monopoly, eliminating information asymmetry, reducing the impact of interest groups, improving the professional ability of financial consumers through financial education, eliminating cognitive bias and providing necessary financial relief.
Thirdly, the relationship between financial monopoly and the protection of financial consumers. At present, financial monopoly is prevalent all over the world. Combined with the previous research results, this paper proves that the overall financial monopoly situation in China is more obvious than that in western developed countries. Financial monopoly restrains the market competition and makes it unreasonable for financial institutions to monopolize high prices. The abuse of fees and other markets has caused difficulties for financial consumers to safeguard their rights.
Fourthly, the relationship between information and the protection of financial consumers. This paper expounds the performance and causes of information asymmetry in the consumer financial market. Although information disclosure can alleviate information asymmetry, financial institutions lack the motivation to disclose information when the risk of financial products is high. In order to improve their own income, financial consumers should conceal the risks of products and so on. Therefore, it is necessary for regulators to make disclosure rules, force financial institutions to disclose important information that affects consumer decision-making, and provide preferential protection for financial consumers.
Fifth, the emergence of predatory finance and its harm to consumers'interests. Financial institutions rely on monopoly status and information advantages to implement predatory financial transactions to maximize their own interests, but the interests of financial consumers are damaged, and the welfare of the whole society is also damaged. Regulators can limit financial products. Price and the introduction of competition to control predatory finance play a role in protecting financial consumers.
Sixthly, the impact of financial consumers'cognitive bias on their own interests. The analysis finds that financial consumers are easy to rely on financial institutions because of their lack of expertise, and mistakenly believe that financial institutions take the interests of consumers as the starting point for decision-making. However, the existing profit model of financial products leads to the blindness of financial institutions in encouraging the use of consumers. Even if financial consumers make rational choices based on the criteria of maximizing their expected returns, they may be exploited by financial institutions at the beginning of the decision-making process, risk preferences magnified, and high-risk products that are not suitable for their own risk-resistant capabilities will harm their own interests. Through financial education and other means to enhance consumer awareness of risk, reverse the wrong understanding of consumers, reduce consumer dependence on financial institutions and blind obedience to protect the interests of financial consumers.
Seventh, to build a scientific and efficient financial consumer protection system. First of all, this paper analyzes the drawbacks of the existing financial consumer protection system, and then combines the theoretical analysis of the previous paper, from the protection objectives, construction principles, legislative protection, institutional settings, institutional functions and other aspects of a detailed description of how to build a targeted financial consumer protection system. Finally, several problems that may be encountered and should be avoided in the process of building a consumer-oriented inclined protection system are put forward.
This paper briefly summarizes the context of this article, which is to extract problems from the reality of financial consumption, solve problems through economic theory analysis, and finally apply the analysis results to guide the practical work of perfecting financial consumer protection to complete the sublimation from reality to theory and then return to reality.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：F830
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