本文選題：南宋 + 貨幣　； 參考：《河北大學(xué)》2012年博士論文

【摘要】：南宋是中國歷史上第一個以紙幣為主要貨幣的朝代，究其原因，，很大程度上是戰(zhàn)爭壓力所致。 南宋朝廷建立于金人的鐵蹄與鋒鏑之余，甫一建立就處于風(fēng)雨飄搖之中。一邊是戰(zhàn)火之后的殘破經(jīng)濟，一邊是大規(guī)模戰(zhàn)爭帶來的巨大的軍費，南宋政府的財政壓力之大可想而知。南宋政府軍費開支巨大，與南宋募兵制度有著極大關(guān)系。中國漢代及漢以前大體實行役兵制，役兵制的最大好處就在無戰(zhàn)事之時百姓的賦役負擔(dān)較輕。初唐主要實行府兵制，大體保留其特點。中唐以來逐漸推行的募兵制，到宋代得以最終確立下來。募兵制與府兵制間的一個最大的不同就是在府兵制下，士卒的衣糧、裝備除少部分由封建國家提供外，其余大部分是由士卒及其家人自己承擔(dān)。而在募兵制的情況則完全相反，士卒包括糧食在內(nèi)的一切費用開支均由國家負擔(dān)。不僅士卒自身如此，就連其家人的生活也通過士卒的軍餉而間接地取之于封建國家。在金與蒙古的壓力下，南宋常年保持養(yǎng)兵數(shù)十萬，如果算上軍人家屬，南宋財政供養(yǎng)人數(shù)超過百萬，再加上不斷的戰(zhàn)爭開支，南宋財政壓力之大是可想而知的。 與南宋軍費開支巨大形成鮮明對比的是南宋的經(jīng)濟殘破。南宋不但失去了兩淮以北約占三分之一經(jīng)濟比較發(fā)達的國土，而且國土多次經(jīng)殘酷的戰(zhàn)爭蹂躪，尤其在中后期，情況更為嚴重。在這樣大的壓力之下，南宋政府不得不把發(fā)行紙幣當(dāng)作了解決財政赤字的重要手段，極力的發(fā)行紙幣，延長每屆紙幣流通期限，對當(dāng)時的貨幣發(fā)行與流通產(chǎn)生了極大的影響。 在初期，南宋朝廷對于紙幣發(fā)行還算謹慎，但是在進行頻繁的戰(zhàn)爭、需要大量的常備軍的情況下，南宋財政日益惡化，因此，發(fā)行大量的紙幣。紙幣的流通期限擴大，發(fā)行量猛增，引起了紙幣的貶值，紙幣貶值導(dǎo)致物價上漲。物價上漲對政府在市場上購買軍需品的行為有很不利的影響，南宋朝廷要解決這些問題又發(fā)行大量的紙幣。這就是不可解決的一種惡循環(huán)。 戰(zhàn)爭的頻仍，使得南宋紙幣發(fā)行陷入了一種“惡性循環(huán)”的狀態(tài)。為了籌集戰(zhàn)爭物質(zhì)，以應(yīng)戰(zhàn)爭之需，政府便向百姓增加賦稅，同時，政府大量發(fā)行紙幣，物價飛升，使得百姓生活更加雪上加霜。
[Abstract]:The Southern Song Dynasty was the first dynasty to use paper money as the main currency in the history of China.The Southern Song Dynasty court was established in the Jin people's iron hoofs and dysprosium, the establishment of Fu was in the wind and rain.On the one hand, the crippled economy after the war, on the other hand, the huge military expenditure caused by the large-scale war, the financial pressure of the Southern Song government can be imagined.The military expenditure of the Southern Song Dynasty was huge and had a great relationship with the recruitment system of the Southern Song Dynasty.In the Han Dynasty and before the Han Dynasty, the great advantage of the military service system was that the people had a lighter burden of duty when there was no war.In the early Tang Dynasty, the main practice of the military system, generally retain its characteristics.Since the mid-Tang Dynasty, gradually introduced the recruitment system, by the Song Dynasty was finally established.One of the biggest differences between the recruitment system and the Fufu system was that under the Fujian-style military system, the soldiers and their families were responsible for most of the equipment provided by the feudal state, except for a small part of the equipment provided by the feudal state.In the case of conscription, on the other hand, all expenses of soldiers, including food, are borne by the state.Not only did the soldiers themselves, but even their families were indirectly taken from the feudal state through the soldiers' pay.Under the pressure of Jin and Mongolia, the Southern Song Dynasty maintained hundreds of thousands of soldiers all year round. If the family members of the soldiers were counted, the number of financial support in the Southern Song Dynasty exceeded one million, and with the constant war expenses, the financial pressure of the Southern Song Dynasty could be imagined.In sharp contrast to the huge military expenditure of the Southern Song Dynasty, the economy of the Southern Song Dynasty was broken.The Southern Song Dynasty not only lost about 1/3 economically developed land to the north of Lianghuai River, but also had been brutally ravaged by war many times, especially in the middle and late period, the situation was even more serious.Under such great pressure, the Southern Song Dynasty government had to issue paper money as an important means to solve the fiscal deficit, tried its best to issue paper money, prolong the term of each currency circulation, and had a great impact on the currency issue and circulation at that time.In the early days, the Southern Song Dynasty was cautious about the issue of paper money, but in the case of frequent wars and the need for a large number of standing troops, the finance of the Southern Song Dynasty deteriorated day by day, so it issued a large number of paper money.The term of circulation of paper money expanded and the circulation soared, causing the devaluation of paper money, which led to the rise of prices.The rise in prices had a negative impact on the government's purchase of military supplies on the market, and the Southern Song Dynasty had to solve these problems and issue a large number of banknotes.This is an unsolvable vicious cycle.The frequency of war made the Southern Song Dynasty banknote issue into a vicious circle.In order to raise war materials to meet the needs of the war, the government increased taxes on the people, at the same time, the government issued a large number of paper money, prices skyrocketed, making people's lives worse.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：河北大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：K244;F822.9

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