本文關(guān)鍵詞：個(gè)體語言技能資本投資研究　出處：《山東大學(xué)》2012年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 語言經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué) 語言技能資本 交際收益 孔子學(xué)院

【摘要】：人類的交流和社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)離不開語言,基本上每個(gè)人都至少熟練掌握一種語言。語言經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家從理論和實(shí)證的角度論證了語言技能的人力資本屬性,認(rèn)為語言技能資本投資是一種重要的人力資本投資形式。隨著全球化進(jìn)程的加速發(fā)展,不同國(guó)家、不同民族之間的經(jīng)濟(jì)交往和教育文化交流日益頻繁和不斷深入,個(gè)體所面臨的語言環(huán)境越來越多元化,經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)活動(dòng)對(duì)人們所掌握的語言技能的要求也越來越高。在這一時(shí)代背景下,為更好地適應(yīng)國(guó)際化發(fā)展帶來的機(jī)遇和挑戰(zhàn),在工作和人際交往中更具競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力,各國(guó)民眾都在努力學(xué)習(xí)和掌握母語以外的其他語言。面對(duì)越來越復(fù)雜而多元的語言教育,在時(shí)間、貨幣等資源約束下個(gè)體該如何進(jìn)行語言技能資本投資決策以實(shí)現(xiàn)效用最大化?理性的個(gè)體如何進(jìn)行外語投資決策,學(xué)習(xí)哪種外語,學(xué)習(xí)一種還是幾種外語,進(jìn)行語言選擇和投資決策時(shí)受哪些因素的影響,對(duì)這些問題的探討變得日益普遍而現(xiàn)實(shí)。 與此同時(shí),各國(guó)政府對(duì)本國(guó)的語言教育也日漸重視,一方面是加強(qiáng)本國(guó)的外語教育,提升本國(guó)居民的外語技能以在國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中占據(jù)更大優(yōu)勢(shì),另一方又在積極向外推廣本國(guó)語言,提升本國(guó)語言的影響力和國(guó)際地位。無論是對(duì)內(nèi)的外語教育,還是對(duì)外的語言國(guó)際推廣,其政策目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)歸根結(jié)底依賴于對(duì)個(gè)體語言技能資本投資決策的影響和改變。那么政府到底能對(duì)個(gè)體的語言技能資本投資決策產(chǎn)生什么影響,是如何影響的?在對(duì)微觀個(gè)體的行為決策進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)分析的基礎(chǔ)上,引入政府變量,探討政府影響個(gè)體語言技能資本投資的措施和影響機(jī)制,顯然對(duì)我們深入研究個(gè)體語言技能資本投資行為和政府語言規(guī)劃和語言政策的制定具有重要意義。 為此,本文在國(guó)內(nèi)外已有研究的基礎(chǔ)上,借助主流經(jīng)濟(jì)的理論和方法,以語言經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和人力資本投資理論為基礎(chǔ),從語言技能資本投資的特殊性入手,以成本—收益分析為主線,以語言教育市場(chǎng)和勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)為進(jìn)行供求分析的起點(diǎn),對(duì)個(gè)體語言技能資本投資進(jìn)行較為系統(tǒng)全面而深入的研究,以期對(duì)個(gè)體的語言技能資本投資決策提供理論指導(dǎo)和解釋,完善語言經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)關(guān)于個(gè)體語言行為的基本理論,為我國(guó)的外語教育和漢語國(guó)際推廣提供學(xué)理支持。 本文試圖回答三大問題：(1)語言技能資本投資的基本原理是什么,如何構(gòu)建語言技能資本投資的基本分析框架?(2)如何建立語言技能資本投資的成本—收益分析模型,在無政府影響和有政府影響兩種情況下,個(gè)體如何進(jìn)行語言技能資本投資決策,其投資決策受哪些因素的影響?(3)年齡、母語、國(guó)籍以及父母的收入等個(gè)體的微觀特征對(duì)其語言技能資本投資行為是否有影響,有哪些影響? 圍繞上述三個(gè)問題,全文共分7章,第1章是導(dǎo)論,第2章是語言技能資本投資的基本原理,第3、4章是分析無政府影響下,基于語言技能資本投資不同收益形式建立兩條分析路徑,分析個(gè)體語言技能資本投資決策以及主要影響因素,第5章加入政府變量,以孔子學(xué)院為例分析政府對(duì)個(gè)體語言技能資本投資的影響,第6章以母語非漢語者學(xué)習(xí)漢語為例,采用問卷調(diào)查的形式,實(shí)證分析年齡、國(guó)籍以及家庭背景等個(gè)體微觀特征對(duì)語言選擇和學(xué)習(xí)行為的影響,第7章是回顧與總結(jié)。具體安排如下： 第1章為導(dǎo)論。主要介紹問題的緣起、現(xiàn)有研究成果、論文研究思路與框架。 第2章為個(gè)體語言技能資本投資的基本原理。本章從語言本身的經(jīng)濟(jì)屬性和語言技能資本投資的特殊性兩個(gè)角度闡釋個(gè)體語言技能資本投資的基本原理,并在此基礎(chǔ)上介紹語言技能資本投資研究的主要要素及其相互關(guān)系,是本文分析的前提和基礎(chǔ)。文章首先,從功能屬性、產(chǎn)品屬性和價(jià)值屬性三個(gè)維度闡釋了語言的經(jīng)濟(jì)屬性。其次,深入剖析了語言技能資本及其投資的特殊性,提出語言技能資本投資的收益特性和外部性特性,并分析這種特性對(duì)個(gè)體語言投資的影響。最后,以成本—收益為主線構(gòu)建了個(gè)體語言技能資本投資研究的主要分析要素圖,列舉影響個(gè)體語言技能資本投資的主要因素及其相互關(guān)系。 第3章為基于經(jīng)濟(jì)收益的個(gè)體語言技能資本投資分析。本章分析無政府影響下,以獲取經(jīng)濟(jì)收益為目的的個(gè)體語言技能資本投資,建立個(gè)體語言技能資本投資的成本—收益模型和包含人力資本的消費(fèi)者效用函數(shù),分析理性個(gè)體如何將時(shí)間和產(chǎn)品在工作、語言技能資本投資和消費(fèi)之間進(jìn)行分配以及市場(chǎng)變量變動(dòng)對(duì)個(gè)體投資決策的影響等問題。提出三個(gè)觀點(diǎn)：(1)投資回報(bào)率是個(gè)體決定是否進(jìn)行語言技能資本投資以及投資多少的重要決策因素,其主要由語言技能資本存量、語言教育產(chǎn)品價(jià)格、語言技能人才的工資率等因素決定。(2)語言技能資本投資通過影響個(gè)體的財(cái)富約束間接影響個(gè)體效用,消費(fèi)者效用最大化時(shí)滿足用于語言技能資本生產(chǎn)的時(shí)間和用于家庭生產(chǎn)的時(shí)間的邊際產(chǎn)品價(jià)值相等。(3)勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)是個(gè)體語言技能資本投資收益得以實(shí)現(xiàn)的社會(huì)中介,語言技能資本投資受勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的“需求約束”的影響；語言教育產(chǎn)品是個(gè)體購(gòu)買生產(chǎn)語言技能資本投入要素的場(chǎng)所,語言技能資本投資受語言教育產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)中產(chǎn)品“獲取難度”的影響。 第4章為基于交際收益的個(gè)體語言技能資本投資分析。本章分析無政府影響時(shí),以獲得交際收益為目的個(gè)體語言技能資本投資。交際收益是語言技能資本投資區(qū)別于其它人力資本投資的重要特性,從該視角進(jìn)行分析為我們研究語言經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)提供了一種新的路徑。本章梳理了多種語言、多個(gè)社區(qū)和兩種語言、兩個(gè)社區(qū)兩種情況下個(gè)體語言技能資本投資博弈模型,得到一些重要啟示。在評(píng)述現(xiàn)有理論基礎(chǔ)上,建立了三種語言、三個(gè)社區(qū)情形下個(gè)體的語言技能資本投資決策模型。分析得出,與基于經(jīng)濟(jì)收益的投資決策不同,在交際收益視角下,個(gè)體是否學(xué)習(xí)一種語言主要由他國(guó)語言的使用者數(shù)量、他國(guó)居民學(xué)習(xí)本國(guó)語言的人口數(shù)量和代表性個(gè)體學(xué)習(xí)他國(guó)語言的成本等因素決定。 第5章為政府影響下的個(gè)體語言技能資本投資分析。本章引入政府變量,探討了政府對(duì)個(gè)體語言技能資本投資采取的主要措施以及產(chǎn)生的主要影響,特別以孔子學(xué)院為例進(jìn)行分析,從學(xué)理層面解釋了孔子學(xué)院對(duì)個(gè)體投資漢語的影響及影響機(jī)制。從經(jīng)濟(jì)收益視角看,排除以強(qiáng)制手段干預(yù)個(gè)體語言技能資本投資決策的情況,政府主要通過影響語言教育產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)的供求和勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)上對(duì)掌握某種語言技能資本的勞動(dòng)者的供求等因素來影響和改變個(gè)體的語言技能資本投資決策。從交際收益視角看,政府的目的是提高本國(guó)居民的交際收益,政府可以通過給本國(guó)居民提供外語學(xué)習(xí)補(bǔ)貼或向他國(guó)居民提供學(xué)習(xí)本國(guó)語言補(bǔ)貼的方式來實(shí)現(xiàn)。在一定的預(yù)算約束下,為實(shí)現(xiàn)國(guó)家效用最大化,政府應(yīng)該選擇最優(yōu)的本國(guó)居民學(xué)習(xí)外語的人口數(shù)量比例和使他國(guó)居民學(xué)習(xí)本國(guó)語言的人口數(shù)量比例的組合,使得二者的邊際效用之比等于本國(guó)居民全部學(xué)習(xí)外語的成本和他國(guó)居民全部學(xué)習(xí)本國(guó)語言的成本之比。同時(shí),文章從孔了學(xué)院在國(guó)際漢語教育市場(chǎng)的定位和作用以及對(duì)個(gè)體投資漢語的成本與收益的影響兩方面,闡釋了孔子學(xué)院建設(shè)不僅滿足了國(guó)際社會(huì)對(duì)漢語的需求,而且創(chuàng)造了更大需求。 第6章為母語非漢語者漢語學(xué)習(xí)行為的實(shí)證分析。本章以母語非漢語的漢語學(xué)習(xí)者為對(duì)象開展問卷調(diào)查,分析人們習(xí)一種語言的主要原因和目的,以及個(gè)體的微觀特征對(duì)語言選擇行為的影響,是對(duì)本文前面關(guān)于個(gè)體語言技能資本投資理論分析的呼應(yīng)和補(bǔ)充。調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示,為獲得經(jīng)濟(jì)收益和個(gè)人興趣是當(dāng)前母語非漢語者學(xué)習(xí)漢語的主要的動(dòng)因和目的,同時(shí)個(gè)體學(xué)習(xí)漢語的原因和目的受到國(guó)籍、母語等因素的影響。文章提出關(guān)于加快漢語走向世界的四點(diǎn)啟示和建議：(1)獲得經(jīng)濟(jì)收益是當(dāng)前母語非漢語者學(xué)習(xí)漢語的主要目的,加快我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展,在世界國(guó)際勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)中創(chuàng)造更多與漢語技能相關(guān)的就業(yè)崗位,是“漢語熱”持續(xù)升溫的根本推動(dòng)力；(2)對(duì)漢語和中華文化的喜愛和興趣是當(dāng)前母語非漢語者學(xué)習(xí)漢語的重要原因,加強(qiáng)中華文化建設(shè)和國(guó)際傳播,增強(qiáng)中華文化在世界上的影響力和感召力,既是漢語加快走向世界的重要目標(biāo),同時(shí)也是重要途徑；(3)學(xué)習(xí)成本是影響個(gè)體學(xué)習(xí)漢語的重要因素,但目前母語非漢語者對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)漢語“成本低”的認(rèn)同比較低,通過降低學(xué)習(xí)者學(xué)習(xí)成本的方式來吸引個(gè)體學(xué)習(xí)漢語是推動(dòng)漢語國(guó)際傳播的重要途徑；(4)母語非漢語者學(xué)習(xí)漢語的原因和目的存在顯著的國(guó)別差異、母語差異,同時(shí)受到年齡、是否華裔等其他個(gè)體特征和家庭特征的影響。因此,為更好地滿足和適應(yīng)漢語學(xué)習(xí)者的需求,應(yīng)加大漢語教學(xué)和漢語國(guó)際推廣的國(guó)別研究、群體研究,針對(duì)不同學(xué)習(xí)者的特征采取針對(duì)性的策略。 第7章為回顧與總結(jié)。對(duì)本文的主要觀點(diǎn)、結(jié)論、創(chuàng)新與不足進(jìn)行總結(jié),提出后續(xù)研究方向。 本文對(duì)個(gè)體的語言技能資本投資進(jìn)行了開創(chuàng)性的系統(tǒng)研究,是語言經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)深入分析個(gè)體語言學(xué)習(xí)行為的一項(xiàng)基礎(chǔ)性研究成果,為國(guó)家的語言規(guī)劃和語言國(guó)際推廣提供了微觀基礎(chǔ)。本文在經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)對(duì)個(gè)體的語言技能要求越來越高,個(gè)體面臨的語言技能資本投資選擇問題日益復(fù)雜而重要的全球化背景下,基于語言技能資本投資的經(jīng)濟(jì)收益和交際收益建立個(gè)體投資的兩條分析路徑,使得對(duì)個(gè)體語言技能資本投資行為的分析既清晰又有針對(duì)性,這在國(guó)內(nèi)外尚屬首次,具有重要的理論價(jià)值和現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。文章一方面以勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)和語言教育產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)為基礎(chǔ)分析市場(chǎng)變化和政府對(duì)個(gè)體語言技能資本投資決策的影響,另一方面又通過實(shí)證分析探討個(gè)體微觀特征對(duì)個(gè)體語言學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)行為的影響,具有較大的創(chuàng)新性和學(xué)術(shù)延展性。
[Abstract]:Human communication and social economic activities cannot do without language, basically everyone master at least one language. The language of economists to demonstrate the human capital attribute of language skills from theoretical and empirical perspective, that language skills of capital investment is an important form of human capital investment. With the accelerated development of globalization. Different countries, different nationalities and economic interaction between education and cultural exchanges have become increasingly frequent and in-depth, facing the individual language environment is more and more diversified, economic and social activities have on people's language skills are increasingly high requirements. Under this background, in order to better adapt to the international development opportunities and the challenge, more competitive in work and interpersonal communication, all the people in other languages to learn and master foreign language. In the face of increasingly complex and multi element Language education, in time, money and other resource constraints to the individual language skills in capital investment decisions in order to achieve maximum utility? How to carry out rational individual foreign investment decision, what kind of foreign language learning, learning one or several foreign languages, linguistic choice and investment decision-making factors which influence the discussion of these the problem becomes more and more universal and practical.
At the same time, the governments of the national language education also attaches great importance to foreign language education, one is to strengthen the country's residents to enhance their language skills to occupy a greater advantage in the international competition, the other party has actively to promote the national language, improve their language influence and international status. Both in foreign language education the foreign language or international promotion, to achieve its policy goals after all depend on the influence on the individual skills of capital investment decision and change. So in the end what the government can have an impact on individual capital investment decision is how to affect the language skills? Based on individual behavior decision. The government of the government measures affecting the individual variables, language skills and influence mechanism of capital investment, obviously to the study of language skills of individual capital investment Capital behavior and government language planning and language policy formulation are of great significance.
Therefore, based on the domestic and foreign research on the theories and methods of mainstream economics, the economics of language and the human capital investment theory, starting from the particularity of language skills for capital investment, on the cost-benefit analysis as the main line, with the language education market and labor market as the starting point for the analysis of supply and demand, a comprehensive and in-depth research on individual language skills more capital investment system, in order to provide theoretical guidance and explanation of individual capital investment decision skills, improve the basic theory about the language behavior of individual language economics, provide theoretical support for China's foreign language education and the international promotion of Chinese.
This paper attempts to answer three questions: (1) what is the basic principle of language skills for capital investment, the basic analysis framework of how to construct the language skills of capital investment? (2) how to establish the language skills of the cost of capital investment benefit analysis model, in the absence of government influence and government effect of two kinds of circumstances, how to carry out the individual language skills of capital investment decision, investment decisions are affected by what factors? (3) age, mother tongue, the microscopic characteristics of nationality and the income of the parents, whether individual have influence on their language skills, capital investment behavior, what is the impact?
On the above three issues, this thesis consists of 7 chapters, the first chapter is the introduction, the second chapter is the basic principle of language skills for capital investment, chapter 3,4 is the analysis of the government under the influence of the establishment of the two language skills path analysis of capital investment returns based on the analysis of individual factors of language skills as well as the effects of the capital investment decision, the fifth chapter into government variables, by Confucius College as an example of government influence on the individual skills of capital investment, the sixth chapter to non-native Chinese learners of Chinese as an example, in the form of a questionnaire, empirical analysis, age, nationality, family background and other characteristics of the individual affects the choice of language and learning behavior, the seventh chapter it is reviewed and summarized as follows:
The first chapter is the introduction. It mainly introduces the origin of the problem, the existing research results, the research ideas and the framework of the paper.
The second chapter is the basic principle of individual language skills in capital investment. This chapter from the two aspects of language itself special economic attribute and language skills explain individual language skills capital investment capital investment principle, mainly introduces the research elements of capital investment skills of language and on the basis of their mutual relations, is the premise and foundation of the analysis. Firstly, from the functional attributes, product attributes and attribute value of the three dimensions to explain the economic attribute of language. Secondly, analyzes the particularity of language skills and capital investment, the income characteristics and external characteristics of language skills for capital investment, and to analyze the impact of the characteristics of the individual language investment. Finally as the main line, on the cost-benefit analysis of construction of the main elements of the language skills of individual capital investment, cited the impact of capital investment and individual language skills Factors and their relationships.
The third chapter is the analysis of individual language skills based on capital investment income. This chapter analyzes the influence of government investment, individual language skills for the purpose of capital to obtain economic benefits, the cost income model including human capital and consumer utility function to establish individual language skills for capital investment, analysis of rational individuals to take time and the product in the work between the language skills of capital investment and consumption distribution and market variables changes on individual investment decisions. Put forward three points of view: (1) the rate of return on investment is an important factor to decide whether the individual decision language skills of capital investment and the number of investment, which is mainly composed of language skills, capital stock, language education product prices, determinants of language skills talent wage rate. (2) language skills affect the wealth constraint of individual capital investment through the indirect effects of a The utility body, the utility maximization is satisfied for language skills capital production time and production time for families to the marginal product value equal. (3) the labor market is a social intermediary individual language skill capital realized investment income, capital investment by the language skills of the labor market demand the influence of language education; the product is buying individual elements of the production of language skills of capital input places, affected by the "language education market difficult to obtain" language skills of capital investment.
The fourth chapter is the analysis of individual language skills communication based on capital investment income. The effect of this chapter, in order to obtain benefits for the purpose of communication. Communicative language skills of individual capital investment income is an important characteristic of language skills is different from other capital investment in human capital investment, analysis provides a new path for us to study the language from the perspective of economics. This chapter reviews the multiple languages, multiple communities and two kinds of language, language skills game model of individual capital investment in two communities in two case, get some important enlightenment. In the review of the existing theory on the basis of establishing the three languages, language skills, capital investment decision model of individual three community. Case analysis, different economic income and investment decision based on the communication from the perspective of individual income, whether learning a language mainly by the language user number The amount of the population of his native language is determined by the number of the population of the native language and the cost of the representative individual to learn the language of his language.
The fifth chapter is the analysis of individual language skills under the influence of government capital investment. This chapter mainly discusses the introduction of government variables, main measures taken by the government to the individual language skills as well as the emergence of capital investment, especially in the Confucius Institute as an example, from the theoretical level to explain the mechanism of the influence of individual Chinese investment and influence of Confucius college. From the economic benefit perspective, exclude the intervention of individual language skills capital investment decision to force the means of government, mainly through the impact of product market and the labor market supply and demand of language education to master a language skills workers of the capital supply and demand and other factors to influence and change the individual investment decisions. From the communicative language skills of capital gains from the perspective of the government, the purpose is to improve the resident communication income, the government can give local residents to provide subsidies to him or foreign language learning Chinese residents to provide subsidies to the study of a foreign language. In the implementation of budget constraints, to achieve national utility maximization, the government should choose the optimal proportion of the population of the residents of the country and make the combination of learning a foreign language of his country residents to learn their language population proportion, the ratio is equal to all residents of the country than to learn a foreign language he's cost and all residents of the study of a foreign language as the cost of the marginal utility of the two. At the same time, this article from the two hole located in the College of international Chinese education market and the role and influence of the cost and income of individual Chinese investment, explains Confucius College of construction not only meet the global demand for Chinese. It creates a greater demand.
The sixth chapter is the empirical analysis of Chinese learning behavior of native Chinese. In this chapter the non-native Chinese learners as the survey object, analysis the main reason people learning a language and purpose, and the micro characteristics of the individual influence on language choice behavior, is of the above analysis on the individual skills of capital the investment theory of echo and complement. The survey results show that in order to obtain economic benefits and personal interest is the main motivation and purpose of the non Chinese speakers learning Chinese language at present, at the same time, the reason and purpose of individual learning Chinese by nationality, language and other factors. The paper put forward four Enlightenments and suggestions on accelerating the Chinese to the world. (1) to obtain economic benefits is the main purpose of non Chinese learners of Chinese language at present, speeding up China's economic development, and create more in the international labor market in the world Chinese skills related jobs, "is the fundamental driving force of Chinese fever"; (2) to the Chinese language and culture and love interest is the main cause of the non Chinese speakers learning Chinese language at present, strengthen the construction of culture and international communication, enhance the influence of Chinese culture in the world and charisma, is Chinese to speed up the important goal of the world at the same time, it is also an important way; (3) the cost of learning is an important factor affecting Chinese individual learning, but the native Chinese to learn Chinese "low cost" identity is relatively low, by reducing the cost of learning the way to attract individuals to learn Chinese is an important way to promote Chinese international communication the Chinese learners; (4) the reason and purpose of Chinese country differences exist, significant differences at the same time by non-native speakers, age, whether the Chinese and other individual characteristics and Therefore, in order to better meet and adapt to the needs of Chinese learners, we should increase the national research and group research of Chinese teaching and Chinese international promotion, and take targeted strategies according to the characteristics of different learners.
The seventh chapter is a review and summary. The main points of this article, the conclusion, the innovation and the shortage are summarized, and the direction of the follow-up research is put forward.
The language skills of individual capital investment is the first systematic study, in-depth analysis of the economics of language is a fundamental research achievement of individual language learning behavior, provides a micro basis for the national language planning and language international promotion. Based on the individual's language skills of economic and social requirements more and more high, the language skills of capital the investment choice of globalization is becoming increasingly complex and important individual faces, two path analysis of language skills in capital investment income and investment income to build individual communication based on the

【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：H0-05;F830.59

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本文編號(hào)：1428490