本文關(guān)鍵詞：我國(guó)準(zhǔn)公共品多元化供給研究，，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。

        公共品供給的“政府失靈”導(dǎo)致了近二十年來(lái)西方的新公共管理運(yùn)動(dòng),掀起了準(zhǔn)公共品市場(chǎng)化改革的浪潮。同時(shí),由于市場(chǎng)本身具有“先天不足”之處,第三部門非營(yíng)利組織也悄然崛起,在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家,其儼然已經(jīng)和政府、私人企業(yè)并列成為經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)管理的三大主體之一。我黨在十六屆三中全會(huì)中提出,“要大力發(fā)展和積極引導(dǎo)非公有制經(jīng)濟(jì)”,“放寬市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入,允許非公有資本進(jìn)入法律法規(guī)未禁入的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、公用事業(yè)及其他行業(yè)和領(lǐng)域”。近年來(lái),學(xué)術(shù)界紛紛提倡公共品多元化供給改革,并且付諸于實(shí)踐,但總的看來(lái),改革做出了勇敢的嘗試并取得了一定的成績(jī),但也存在很多不盡如人意的地方。我國(guó)政府在國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的“十二五”規(guī)劃中再次重申要“改革基本公共服務(wù)提供方式,引入競(jìng)爭(zhēng)機(jī)制,擴(kuò)大購(gòu)買服務(wù),實(shí)現(xiàn)提供主體和提供方式多元化。推進(jìn)非基本公共服務(wù)市場(chǎng)化改革,放寬市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入,鼓勵(lì)社會(huì)資本以多種方式參與,增強(qiáng)多層次供給能力,滿足群眾多樣化需求。”這是我國(guó)政府首次在重大政策性文件中明確提出“公共服務(wù)實(shí)現(xiàn)提供主體和提供方式多元化”。深入貫徹落實(shí)好黨的經(jīng)濟(jì)政策,完善我國(guó)公共品理論體系,迫切要求我們積極深化準(zhǔn)公共品多元化供給理論,進(jìn)一步探索符合我國(guó)國(guó)情的準(zhǔn)公共品供給實(shí)踐模式。深入探討準(zhǔn)公共品多元化供給的理論基礎(chǔ),摸索準(zhǔn)公共品多元化供給的現(xiàn)實(shí)模式,提高公共品整體供給效率,規(guī)范公共品多元化供給的秩序,優(yōu)化公共品供給體系是本文探討的主要內(nèi)容。本文第一章仍然先從公共品的性質(zhì)談起,盡管學(xué)術(shù)界研究公共品理論已有數(shù)百年歷史,但對(duì)公共品性質(zhì)的界定依然是不成定論。一般存在以下四種觀點(diǎn)：①非競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性和非排它性,代表人物是薩繆爾森和馬斯格雷夫代表人物；②公共品的共用性,代表人物是美國(guó)的鮑德威、奧斯特羅姆夫婦；③公共品的非排他性；④公共品的非競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性。先從公共品的非競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性說(shuō)起,物品是有多種屬性的,每個(gè)屬性具有不同程度的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性,僅僅依靠非競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性來(lái)判別公共品很容易混淆,而且現(xiàn)實(shí)中有的物品表面上具有很強(qiáng)的非競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性,但卻明顯屬于私人品。因此,僅靠非競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性作為公共品的特性是不合理的。再看公共品的非排他性,非排他性一般包括：①?zèng)]必要排他；②排他成本過(guò)高；③不應(yīng)該排他。經(jīng)研究分析后發(fā)現(xiàn),非排他性在內(nèi)容上實(shí)際是包含非競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性和共用性的；另外,外部性理論及產(chǎn)權(quán)理論研究也認(rèn)為,之所以存在公共品就是因?yàn)榻灰壮杀具^(guò)高以至不能排除他人占有該物品的產(chǎn)權(quán)。因此,綜上所述,筆者傾向于采用非排他性作為判定公共品的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。在社會(huì)中,如果某物品由于存在過(guò)高的交易成本或社會(huì)價(jià)值觀導(dǎo)致的不能或不應(yīng)該(沒(méi)必要)阻礙其他社會(huì)成員進(jìn)行使用,那么這類物品就是公共品。從本文對(duì)公共品屬性的認(rèn)識(shí)看,純私人品到純公共品,只是非排他性不斷增強(qiáng)的一個(gè)過(guò)程。純公共品就是具有完全非排他性的物品(包括無(wú)形的制度等),私人品是具有完全排他性的物品,處于公共品和私人品之間的就是準(zhǔn)公共品,準(zhǔn)公共品就是具有部分排他性的物品。很明顯,純公共品由于具有完全的非排他性,必須由政府供給,而私人品具有完全的排他性,私人供給是高效的。準(zhǔn)公共品處于二者之間,則都可以由政府、私人和處于二者之間的第三部門組織來(lái)供給,可以說(shuō)任何一種準(zhǔn)公共品的供給主體都不是唯一的,都可以考慮采用多元化模式來(lái)解決,選擇的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是哪一個(gè)供給主體哪一種供給模式能更好的提供它,更好的滿足群眾或消費(fèi)者的需求。本文緊接著從古典經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)開(kāi)始對(duì)公共品供給的理論基礎(chǔ)進(jìn)行分析,后逐漸引入產(chǎn)權(quán)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、新制度經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)以及博弈論、信息經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的分析。古典經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)理論對(duì)公共品的供給需求進(jìn)行了均衡分析,證明了對(duì)于單個(gè)公共品來(lái)說(shuō)是可以產(chǎn)生庇古的局部均衡和薩繆爾森的一般均衡,達(dá)到最優(yōu)供給。準(zhǔn)公共品的市場(chǎng)供給理論認(rèn)為市場(chǎng)對(duì)一些準(zhǔn)公共品的供給是有效率的,能夠產(chǎn)生林達(dá)爾的均衡解,后來(lái)鮑溫和約翰森的自愿交換理論進(jìn)一步證明了這一點(diǎn),尤其是科斯通過(guò)對(duì)公共品的外部性進(jìn)行分析后,提出了解決公共品經(jīng)濟(jì)外部性的有效途徑,即通過(guò)產(chǎn)權(quán)界定或產(chǎn)權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)讓交易來(lái)達(dá)到公共品供給的市場(chǎng)效率解。然而,不少學(xué)者卻認(rèn)為市場(chǎng)供給準(zhǔn)公共品存在以下缺陷：①供給中的“搭便車”現(xiàn)象和“公地的悲劇”導(dǎo)致現(xiàn)實(shí)中公共品供給無(wú)效率；②自然壟斷性準(zhǔn)公共品存在定價(jià)難題；③會(huì)導(dǎo)致公共品社會(huì)普遍服務(wù)和公平性的喪失。其實(shí),政府對(duì)公共品的供給實(shí)際上是隨著國(guó)家起源而產(chǎn)生的,對(duì)政府關(guān)于公共品供給的理論基礎(chǔ)最初散見(jiàn)于社會(huì)學(xué)和政治學(xué)理論當(dāng)中,后來(lái)公共品供給的“市場(chǎng)失靈”導(dǎo)致更多的學(xué)者從福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、新古典經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的角度研究政府提供公共品的必要性,但是很顯然政府供給公共品存在以下問(wèn)題：①政府供給的低效率,公共品的質(zhì)量難以監(jiān)測(cè)和保障；②存在強(qiáng)制性搭便車現(xiàn)象；③存在政府尋租行為�？梢哉f(shuō),政府與市場(chǎng)在公共品供給中的“雙失靈”奠定了第三部門組織供給公共品的理論基礎(chǔ),由于第三部門組織自身的優(yōu)勢(shì)規(guī)定性,決定了她在公共品供給中不可忽視的作用,后來(lái)的多中心供給理論和志愿供給理論都證明了這一點(diǎn)。以上的理論分析無(wú)非是論證對(duì)于準(zhǔn)公共品的供給,政府、市場(chǎng)和第三部門都有其優(yōu)勢(shì)和不足的地方,僅僅對(duì)于某一種準(zhǔn)公共品來(lái)說(shuō),它的供給主體不應(yīng)該是單一的,供給方式也不應(yīng)該是唯一的,關(guān)鍵要看哪一種供給模式能更好的發(fā)揮效果,更好的滿足各方的需求。本文在第二章列舉了公共品供給的l0種基本模式,包括合同承包、特許經(jīng)營(yíng)、政府補(bǔ)助、憑單制、志愿服務(wù)等,個(gè)別模式還有多種表現(xiàn)形式,尤其是針對(duì)使用對(duì)象有限的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的供給,列舉了公私合作供給的11種模式,如LBO、BOT、BTO、BBO、BOO以及外圍建設(shè)等具體模式,對(duì)于這些模式的選取,筆者認(rèn)為都要視具體情況而定,根據(jù)現(xiàn)實(shí)中準(zhǔn)公共品提供的環(huán)境和條件,實(shí)事求是的來(lái)選取較為合理的模式。對(duì)于公共品供給模式的選擇標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也很多,比如回應(yīng)性、公平、效率等等,同樣對(duì)于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的選擇也應(yīng)因地因時(shí)制宜,綜合考慮分析,要根據(jù)國(guó)情、社情、民意,根據(jù)國(guó)家當(dāng)前的大政方針和改革方向,根據(jù)公共品供給要達(dá)到的目的和要求,選取某些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或提高某個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的比重。一旦公共品供給模式的評(píng)判標(biāo)準(zhǔn)確定以后,就可以引入運(yùn)籌學(xué)和數(shù)理經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)中的一些方法,如層級(jí)分析法(AHP)或數(shù)據(jù)包絡(luò)分析法(DEA)等來(lái)評(píng)判某個(gè)供給模式的優(yōu)劣,評(píng)價(jià)其供給效率,以利于事前選擇或事后評(píng)價(jià),這也是當(dāng)前社會(huì)管理中比較流行和有效的評(píng)判方法。第三章本文對(duì)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的準(zhǔn)公共品多元化供給改革實(shí)踐進(jìn)行了實(shí)證分析,研究了發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家多元化改革的實(shí)踐模式和取得的效果,第四章總結(jié)了我國(guó)近年來(lái)準(zhǔn)公共品多元化供給改革情況,概括了改革取得的成果,對(duì)個(gè)別領(lǐng)域的準(zhǔn)公共品供給效率進(jìn)行實(shí)證分析和評(píng)價(jià)。第五章、第六章在以上分析的基礎(chǔ)上,闡述了優(yōu)化我國(guó)多元化供給體制的條件、制度設(shè)計(jì)及實(shí)現(xiàn)路徑。為了在實(shí)踐中實(shí)現(xiàn)優(yōu)選多元化供給模式,更好更有效供給準(zhǔn)公共品,針對(duì)我國(guó)當(dāng)前公共品供給中仍然存在不足的地方,需要按照以下原則進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化我國(guó)公共品多元化供給體系,①權(quán)力義務(wù)對(duì)等原則：②因地制宜原則；③可操作性原則：④提高質(zhì)量原則；⑤負(fù)面效應(yīng)最小化原則。為構(gòu)建我國(guó)高效的公共品多元化供給體系,要采取以下措施：①建立市場(chǎng)參與公共品服務(wù)的激勵(lì)與約束機(jī)制。要繼續(xù)深化國(guó)企公司化改造,確立企業(yè)的法人主體地位；積極引入市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)機(jī)制,增強(qiáng)公共品供給的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)程度；提高政府的監(jiān)管能力。②建立第三部門組織參與公共品服務(wù)的激勵(lì)與約束機(jī)制。要降低第三部門組織取得合法身份門檻,增強(qiáng)組織間的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性；提高政府的支持力度,創(chuàng)造有利于第三部門組織發(fā)展的內(nèi)、外部環(huán)境。③深化經(jīng)濟(jì)政治體制改革,進(jìn)一步明確政府職能。進(jìn)一步弱化政府直接提供準(zhǔn)公共品的職能作用,鼓勵(lì)引導(dǎo)民間資本投向準(zhǔn)公共品領(lǐng)域,推進(jìn)國(guó)有資產(chǎn)管理體制改革,積極扶持第三部門的發(fā)展；不斷強(qiáng)化政府對(duì)準(zhǔn)公共品供給領(lǐng)域的監(jiān)督管理職能,加強(qiáng)對(duì)準(zhǔn)公共品供給的監(jiān)督,提高政策管理服務(wù)水平,形成科學(xué)合理的決策機(jī)制。本文在前人研究的基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)以下方面進(jìn)行了歸納及創(chuàng)新：第一,引入層級(jí)分析法(AHP)或數(shù)據(jù)包絡(luò)分析法(DEA)對(duì)不同模式的準(zhǔn)公共品供給效率進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),并對(duì)我國(guó)公路、鐵路這兩種相近的準(zhǔn)公共品以及幼兒園的供給效率進(jìn)行案例分析。第二,全面闡述政府、私人和第三部門在公共品多元化供給中需要發(fā)揮的宏觀和微觀職能,提出優(yōu)化我國(guó)準(zhǔn)公共品多元化供給機(jī)制的思路和措施,進(jìn)一步明確了政府在準(zhǔn)公共品供給中的職能內(nèi)容,闡述了私人、第三部門組織參與準(zhǔn)公共品供給的激勵(lì)約束機(jī)制的構(gòu)建路徑。第三,結(jié)合前人分析和現(xiàn)實(shí)需要,對(duì)評(píng)價(jià)公共品模式優(yōu)劣的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行了歸納。由于作者自身理論水平有限,本文存在很多不足,比如對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)中政府在準(zhǔn)公共品多元化供給中職責(zé)分析不夠全面,對(duì)我國(guó)第三部門非營(yíng)利組織的研究不夠深入徹底等等。

    The Supply of Public Goods "government failure" led to two decades of Western New Public Management movement, set off a wave of market-oriented reforms of the quasi-public goods.Meanwhile, the market itself has " deficiencies" at the third sector non-profit organization quietly rising in developed countries, it with the government and the private enterprise become the one of the three main economic and social management.CPC in the Third Plenary Session of the16th,"to develop and actively guide the non-public economy", relax market access to allow private capital into the infrastructure of laws and regulations not prohibited, utilities and other industries and fields.In recent years, academics have advocated the reform of the diversified supply of public goods, and practice, but the overall diversification of public goods made in the reform of certain results, but there are many deficiencies.To reiterate that the Chinese government in economic development "12th Five-Year Plan" to the reform of basic public services, the introduction of competition mechanism, expand the purchase of services to achieve the subject and the delivery of diversification.The Chinese government to promote non-essential public services, market-oriented reforms, relaxing market access and encourage social capital to participate in a variety of ways to enhance the multi-level supply capacity to meet the diverse needs of the masses."first time in a major policy document specifically mentioned" public service to the subject and the delivery of diversification.These are provided policy support to further deepen the reforms in the areas of public goods supply. Depth discussion of the theoretical basis of the diversification of the quasi-public goods supply, to explore the reality model of quasi-public goods diversified supply, improve the efficiency of the overall supply of public goods, standardize the order of diversification of supply of public goods, optimize the supply system of public goods is the main content of this paper.Academia to study the theory of public goods to several hundred years of history, but the definition of the nature of public goods is still not a conclusion.This paper begins with talk about the nature of public goods, The nature of public goods, the general existence of the following four perspectives:①non-competitive and non-exclusive representative is the representative figure of Samuelson and Musgrave;②the sharing of public goods, represented by the United Statesthe Baodewei, Ostrom and his wife; public goods.non-exclusive;④public goods non-competitive. Speaking of non-competitive, start with the public goods that the goods is the variety of attributes, each attribute has different levels of competition, relying solely on non-competitive to distinguish public goods are easily confused, but in reality, some items on the surface has a strong non-competitive, but it clearly belongs to private goods. Therefore, relying on the non-competitive as the characteristics of public goods is unreasonable.Non-exclusive public goods generally include:①unnecessary row him;②exclusive cost is too high;③should not be exclusive.Studies have shown that non-exclusive content actually contains a non-competitive and sharing; In addition, the external theory and property theory also believes that the reason why there are public goods because of high transaction costs so we can not exclude others from possession of the items theproperty rights. In summary, I think we should adopt the non-exclusive as to determine the sole criterion of public goods.In society, if not a result of an article due to the presence of excessive transaction costs or social values or other members of society should not hinder the use of such articles is the public goods.From the attributes of public goods and pure private goods to purely public goods, non-exclusive and constantly enhance a process.Pure public goods is non-exclusive items. Private goods is a completely exclusive items between public goods and private goods is quasi-public goods and quasi-public goods is a part of the exclusive items.Entirely non-exclusive, pure public goods must be supplied by the government, while private goods has completely exclusive, private supply is efficient.Quasi-public goods can either be provided by the government and the private sector can also be supplied by third sector organizations, that is a quasi-public goods supply main is not the only, so you can consider diversification model to solve the selection criteria which supply main which a supply model is better able to provide it to better meet the people or the needs of consumers.From classical economics to analyze the theoretical basis of the supply of public goods, and then gradually introducing property rights economics, new institutional economics and game theory, information economics analysis. Classical economic theory of public goods supply and demand equilibrium analysis, proved that partial equilibrium Pigou and Samuelson’s general equilibrium for a single public goods, optimal supply. The quasi-market for the supply of public goods theory that the market for the supply of some quasi-public goods is efficient, can produce Lindahl equilibrium solution, and later Martin moderate Johansson voluntary exchange theory further proof of this, especially Kos through to public goods external to analyze proposed an effective way to solve the economic externalities of public goods, through the definition of property rights or property transfer transactions to achieve the solution of the supply of Public Goods market efficiency. However, many scholars think that the market supply quasi-public goods to the following shortcomings:①The supply of "free rider" phenomenon and "the tragedy of the commons " nd lead to inefficient supply of public goods in reality;②The natural monopoly quasi-public goods to a pricing problem;□market supply public goods lead to the loss of universal service and equity of public goods society.In fact, the supply of public goods is in fact national origin, originally exist in the theories of sociology and political science theoretical foundation of the government on the supply of public goods, then the supply of public goods "market failure" leads to more scholars from the point of view of welfare economics, neoclassical economics the government need to provide public goods, but the problems of government supply of public goods is also obvious:①The government inefficiency of the supply;﹎andatory free-rider phenomenon;③The government rent-seeking behavior. So, the government and the market in the supply of public goods "double failure" and laid the theoretical foundation of the third sector organizations in the supply of public goods, due to third sector organizations own advantages provisions, determines it can not be ignored in the supply of public goods role in the subsequent supply of multi-center theory and voluntary supply theory to prove this point.For a certain kind of quasi-public goods, the supply of the main body should not be a single supply mode should not be the only key to see which mode of supply can better play better meet the needs of the needs of the parties. This paper lists10kinds of public goods supply basic modes, including contracting, franchise business, government subsidies, the voucher system, voluntary services, the individual mode, there are many manifestations, especially for using the object of limited infrastructure supply enumerated11modes of supply of public-private partnerships, such as LBO、BOT、BTO、BBO、BOO and the external construction of the specific mode, the selection of these patterns, I believe that should be depending on the specific situation, in reality quasi-public goods environment and conditions for seeking truth from facts to select a more reasonable model.Public goods supply model selection criteria, such as responsiveness, equity, efficiency, etc. Similarly, for the selection of a standard should consider the analysis, according to national conditions, public opinion and national policy and direction of reform, according to public goods supply to achieve the purpose and requirements to develop the standard.Operations research and mathematical economics in the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) or data envelopment analysis (DEA) criteria to determine the modes of supply of public goods can be used to judge the pros and cons of a supply model to evaluate the efficiency of its supply order to facilitate prior selection or ex-post evaluation, this is also the social management of the more popular and effective evaluation method.On the basis of the above theoretical analysis, the practice of reform of the quasi-public goods in developed countries diversified supply for the empirical analysis, the practice mode of diversification of reform in developed countries and the results achieved, summed up in China in recent years, quasi-public goods diverse of supply reforms, summed up the achievements of China’s reform of the public goods, the empirical analysis and evaluation of the individual quasi-public goods supply efficiency.In practice in order to achieve the optimal choice of diversified modes of supply, for the supply of public goods in China there are still deficiencies，optimize its main principles.①power obligations principle:②The local conditions of principle;③the operability principle;④improve the quality principles:⑤negative effects of the minimum principle.To build China’s efficient public goods diversified supply system, we need to take the following measures:①the establishment of third sector organizations to participate in the incentive and restraint mechanisms for public goods.Strengthen government regulation, and improve organizational capacity.②establish a market incentive and restraint mechanisms of participation in public goods services.On the basis of previous research with respect to the induction and innovation:first,the introduction of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) or data envelopment analysis (DEA) to evaluate the efficiency of the supply of public goods.Second, comprehensive exposition of the macro-and micro-functions of government, private and third sector need to play in the diversification of supply of public goods, ideas and measures to optimize the diversification of the supply system for China’s quasi-public goods.last,combined with the previous analysis and practical needs, summed up the merits of the standard system of evaluation of public goods model.However.due to the author’s own theoretical level is limited,there are many disadvantages,such as the government is not comprehensive enough role in the diversification of supply of the quasi-public goods,there is Preliminary analysis for non-profit organizations of the Third Sector in China, etc.

我國(guó)準(zhǔn)公共品多元化供給研究

中文摘要4-8Abstract8-12導(dǎo)論16-251. 準(zhǔn)公共品供給的基礎(chǔ)理論分析25-67    1.1 準(zhǔn)公共品的特征及供給均衡分析25-36        1.1.1 對(duì)準(zhǔn)公共品特征的認(rèn)識(shí)25-30        1.1.2 關(guān)于準(zhǔn)公共品供給的均衡分析30-36    1.2 準(zhǔn)公共品市場(chǎng)供給的理論基礎(chǔ)及市場(chǎng)失靈36-49        1.2.1 市場(chǎng)供給理論——林達(dá)爾自愿合作效率解36-40        1.2.2 市場(chǎng)供給理論——科斯的產(chǎn)權(quán)分析40-41        1.2.3 市場(chǎng)失靈-準(zhǔn)公共產(chǎn)品供給中的“搭便車”和囚徒困境導(dǎo)致的“公共悲劇”41-45        1.2.4 自然壟斷性準(zhǔn)公共產(chǎn)品引起的定價(jià)難題45-46        1.2.5 普遍服務(wù)和社會(huì)公平的喪失46-49    1.3 準(zhǔn)公共品政府供給的理論基礎(chǔ)及政府困境49-57        1.3.1 早期的國(guó)家起源論49-51        1.3.2 福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的分析51-52        1.3.3 凱恩斯主義的觀點(diǎn)52-53        1.3.4 公共產(chǎn)品政府供給的困境53-57    1.4 準(zhǔn)公共品非盈利組織供給的理論基礎(chǔ)及缺陷57-67        1.4.1 準(zhǔn)公共品第三部門供給的理論基礎(chǔ)59-64        1.4.2 第三部門供給準(zhǔn)公共品存在的困境64-672. 準(zhǔn)公共品多元供給模式的一般理論分析67-98    2.1 多元供給模式及對(duì)應(yīng)的范圍67-73        2.1.1 基于集團(tuán)供給理論自愿均衡解的分析67-69        2.1.2 基于多元供給中的交易費(fèi)用理論69-73    2.2 準(zhǔn)公共品多元供給模式選擇73-79        2.2.1 對(duì)準(zhǔn)公共品多元供給中利益主體的概念界定73-74        2.2.2 準(zhǔn)公共品多元供給的制度安排74-79    2.3 不同模式間的選擇標(biāo)準(zhǔn)79-86        2.3.1 薩瓦斯的判斷模式79-83        2.3.2 公共選擇理論的判斷模式83-86        2.3.3 結(jié)論86    2.4 對(duì)不同供給模式的效率評(píng)價(jià)86-98        2.4.1 基于層次分析法對(duì)多元供給準(zhǔn)公共品的效率評(píng)價(jià)87        2.4.2 層級(jí)分析法的模型與具體步驟87-91        2.4.3 案例分析91-94        2.4.4 基于數(shù)據(jù)包絡(luò)分析法(DEA)對(duì)準(zhǔn)公共品供給的效率評(píng)價(jià)94-983. 西方國(guó)家的改革實(shí)踐及啟示98-116    3.1 西方國(guó)家多元化供給改革實(shí)踐98-112        3.1.1 英國(guó)的公共服務(wù)改革98-104        3.1.2 美國(guó)104-108        3.1.3 新西蘭108-110        3.1.4 對(duì)各國(guó)改革實(shí)踐的評(píng)述110-112    3.2 西方國(guó)家多元供給實(shí)踐對(duì)我國(guó)的啟示112-1164. 我國(guó)準(zhǔn)公共品多元化供給改革實(shí)踐116-134    4.1 我國(guó)準(zhǔn)公共品多元化供給改革概況116-124        4.1.1 初步探索準(zhǔn)公共品多元供給方式116-123        4.1.2 我國(guó)政府部門改革123-124    4.2 對(duì)我國(guó)準(zhǔn)公共品多元化供給改革現(xiàn)狀的評(píng)析124-127    4.3 對(duì)我國(guó)鐵路、道路等準(zhǔn)公共品供給的實(shí)證分析127-1345. 優(yōu)化我國(guó)準(zhǔn)公共品多元供給體系的制度條件134-148    5.1 我國(guó)準(zhǔn)公共品市場(chǎng)有效供給的制度條件134-136    5.2 我國(guó)政府在準(zhǔn)公共品多元供給機(jī)制中的功能定位136-141        5.2.1 主導(dǎo)性地位的把握136-138        5.2.2 提供制度平臺(tái)138-141    5.3 我國(guó)準(zhǔn)公共品第三部門有效供給的制度條件141-148        5.3.1 公益性社會(huì)環(huán)境的培養(yǎng)141-143        5.3.2 第三部門組織自身的健康發(fā)展143-1486. 優(yōu)化我國(guó)多元化供給體系的制度設(shè)計(jì)與選擇148-164    6.1 優(yōu)化我國(guó)多元化供給制度的指導(dǎo)原則148-149    6.2 優(yōu)化(政府、私人和非盈利組織)多元化供給的制度框架149-152    6.3 優(yōu)化(政府、私人和非盈利組織)多主體供給的制度內(nèi)容152-164        6.3.1 建立市場(chǎng)參與準(zhǔn)公共品(公共服務(wù))供給的激勵(lì)約束機(jī)制152-155        6.3.2 建立第三部門組織參與準(zhǔn)公共品(公共服務(wù))供給的激勵(lì)約束機(jī)制155-160        6.3.3 深化經(jīng)濟(jì)政治體制改革,進(jìn)一步明確政府職能160-164參考文獻(xiàn)164-171后記171-172致謝172-173在讀期間科研成果目錄173

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