發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-05-19 00:12

  本文選題：汽車裝配 + 排氣系統(tǒng)　； 參考：《上海海洋大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：隨著社會(huì)的進(jìn)步和科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,人們的生活質(zhì)量不斷提高,對(duì)于工作產(chǎn)生的職業(yè)病也越來(lái)越重視。在汽車裝配過(guò)程中,高負(fù)荷的工作和不良的工作姿勢(shì)很容易造成操作工人的肌肉疲勞,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致職業(yè)病的產(chǎn)生,這些傷病會(huì)阻礙企業(yè)的生產(chǎn),導(dǎo)致生產(chǎn)效率低下。因此,企業(yè)需要采取相應(yīng)的改善措施來(lái)降低操作工人的疲勞度,預(yù)防職業(yè)病。本文選取負(fù)荷大、不良操作姿勢(shì)多的排氣系統(tǒng)安裝工位為研究對(duì)象,應(yīng)用人機(jī)工程學(xué)理論及評(píng)估工具對(duì)該工位進(jìn)行評(píng)估,并給出改善措施,從而降低操作工人的疲勞度,減輕肌肉骨骼疾患,為汽車裝配過(guò)程中其它工位的改善提供改善思路及方法。本文首先對(duì)排氣系統(tǒng)安裝工位進(jìn)行初步調(diào)查,得到該工位的工序及每道工序的時(shí)間,繪制該工位的流程程序圖,發(fā)現(xiàn)操作工人移動(dòng)次數(shù)較多且往返現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重,存在很多的浪費(fèi)。然后利用“5W1H”、“ECRS”原則對(duì)流程程序圖進(jìn)行優(yōu)化,有效地縮短了工時(shí),提高了操作工人的工作效率。為了評(píng)估排氣系統(tǒng)安裝過(guò)程中操作工人的不良操作姿勢(shì)及肌肉疲勞情況,首先利用人機(jī)工程姿勢(shì)及負(fù)荷評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)排氣系統(tǒng)安裝過(guò)程中操作工人操作姿勢(shì)進(jìn)行初步評(píng)估。然后利用人機(jī)工程學(xué)軟件DELMIA對(duì)該工位進(jìn)行建模仿真,通過(guò)快速上肢評(píng)估、提舉分析和單行為生物力學(xué)分析這三個(gè)評(píng)估工具對(duì)初步評(píng)估給出的結(jié)果進(jìn)行再次的評(píng)估,結(jié)合兩次評(píng)估的結(jié)果,給出排氣系統(tǒng)安裝過(guò)程中操作工人的不良操作姿勢(shì)。最后,為了驗(yàn)證仿真的可靠性,且從多方面來(lái)反映操作工人肌肉的疲勞情況,進(jìn)行表面肌電實(shí)驗(yàn),通過(guò)時(shí)域、頻域和聯(lián)合頻譜振幅分析,得到在排氣系統(tǒng)安裝過(guò)程中操作工人的肌肉疲勞情況,發(fā)現(xiàn)操作工人每工作1.5小時(shí),肌肉的活動(dòng)狀態(tài)不斷降低,需要休息,并且肱橈肌、斜方肌上端、三角肌和肱二頭肌這四塊肌肉的放電貢獻(xiàn)率在六塊肌肉中占主導(dǎo)地位,且貢獻(xiàn)率依次降低。根據(jù)DELMIA仿真及表面肌電實(shí)驗(yàn)給出的結(jié)果,對(duì)排氣系統(tǒng)安裝工位的設(shè)施進(jìn)行了兩個(gè)方面地改善設(shè)計(jì)。第一個(gè)方面是前排氣系統(tǒng)物料架的改善設(shè)計(jì)。根據(jù)人機(jī)工程學(xué)中最佳立姿工作面、人手作業(yè)范圍、手控操縱器與人體尺寸關(guān)系及視覺(jué)特征,以及人體垂直面內(nèi)的最佳視野,確定了物料架的高度和寬度、控制按鈕的尺寸和顏色,以及控制板的高度。第二個(gè)方面是根據(jù)動(dòng)作經(jīng)濟(jì)原則,增加了吊具,使操作工人在運(yùn)送后排氣系統(tǒng)時(shí)不受力,輕快的動(dòng)作。綜合流程程序的改善、物料架的改善設(shè)計(jì)及吊具的增加,給出了改善后的方案。為了驗(yàn)證上述改善要點(diǎn)的合理性及有效性,對(duì)改善后的方案進(jìn)行與原方案相同的DELMIA仿真和表面肌電實(shí)驗(yàn)。將仿真及實(shí)驗(yàn)的結(jié)果與原方案的結(jié)果進(jìn)行對(duì)比分析,結(jié)果表明操作工人的不良姿勢(shì)得到有效的改善,并且操作工人在2h之內(nèi)都處于正常的工作狀態(tài),并沒(méi)有造成肌肉損傷。
[Abstract]:With the progress of society and the development of science and technology, people's quality of life has been improved, and more attention has been paid to occupational diseases. In the process of automobile assembly, high load work and bad working posture can easily cause muscle fatigue of the operator, and then lead to occupational diseases. These injuries and injuries will hinder the production of enterprises and lead to inefficient production. Therefore, enterprises need to take corresponding improvement measures to reduce the fatigue of operation workers and prevent occupational diseases. In this paper, the installation station of exhaust system with heavy load and bad operating posture is selected as the research object. The ergonomics theory and evaluation tools are used to evaluate the station, and the improvement measures are given to reduce the fatigue degree of the operator. To reduce musculoskeletal diseases and provide improvement ideas and methods for the improvement of other work stations in the process of automobile assembly. In this paper, a preliminary investigation is made on the installation station of the exhaust system, and the working procedure and the time of each working procedure are obtained, and the procedure diagram of the station is drawn. It is found that the number of movement of the operator is more and the phenomenon of commuting is serious, and there is a lot of waste. Then the principle of "5W1H" and "ECRS" is used to optimize the flow chart, which effectively shortens the working hours and improves the working efficiency of the operation workers. In order to evaluate the poor operating posture and muscle fatigue of the operator during the installation of the exhaust system, the ergonomic posture and the load evaluation standard were used to evaluate the operating posture of the operator during the installation of the exhaust system. Then we use the ergonomics software DELMIA to model and simulate the work station, and evaluate the results of the preliminary evaluation through three evaluation tools: quick upper limb evaluation, lift analysis and single behavior biomechanical analysis. Combined with the results of the two evaluations, the bad operating posture of the operator during the installation of the exhaust system is given. Finally, in order to verify the reliability of the simulation and to reflect the fatigue of the operator's muscle from many aspects, the surface electromyoelectric experiment was carried out, and the time-domain, frequency-domain and joint spectrum amplitude analysis were carried out. The muscle fatigue of the operator during the installation of the exhaust system was obtained. It was found that the muscle activity of the operator decreased continuously every 1.5 hours of work, required rest, and the upper end of the brachioradialis muscle and trapezius muscle. The discharge contribution rate of deltoid muscle and biceps brachii muscle was dominant in six muscles, and the contribution rate decreased in turn. According to the results of DELMIA simulation and surface electromyography experiment, the installation facilities of exhaust system are improved in two aspects. The first aspect is the improved design of the material rack of the front exhaust system. The height and width of the material rack are determined according to the optimum vertical position working face, the range of manual work, the relationship between manual manipulator and human body dimension and visual characteristics, and the best visual field in the vertical plane of human body. Control the size and color of the button and the height of the control panel. The second aspect is that according to the principle of action economy, the lifting gear is added, so that the operator does not bear the force and move briskly when the exhaust system is transported. The improved program, the improved design of the material rack and the increase of the hanger are given. In order to verify the rationality and effectiveness of the above improvements, the DELMIA simulation and surface electromyography (EMG) experiments of the improved scheme were carried out in the same way as the original scheme. The results of simulation and experiment are compared with the results of the original scheme. The results show that the bad posture of the operator is effectively improved and the operator is in a normal working state within 2 hours and no muscle damage is caused.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：上海海洋大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：R13;TB18

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