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從人性假設(shè)理論對西方管理模式的解析

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  本文關(guān)鍵詞:從人性假設(shè)理論對西方管理模式的解析,由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。


從人性假設(shè)理論對西方管理模式的解析

     2009-7-23 11:50:08     來源:     




  論文標(biāo)題從人性假設(shè)理論對西方管理模式的解析
An Analysis of Western Management Models from the Viewpoint of Human Nature Hypothesis
論文作者楊鳳云
論文導(dǎo)師車文博,論文學(xué)位碩士,論文專業(yè)科學(xué)技術(shù)哲學(xué)
論文單位吉林大學(xué),點(diǎn)擊次數(shù)13,論文頁數(shù)44頁File Size480k
2004-09-01人性假設(shè); 西方模式管理; 評(píng)析
owners; thermo-supply net reconstruction; engineering project; management mode; support system
對人性的理解是管理理論和管理模式的基礎(chǔ)。西方學(xué)者在管理人性觀方面進(jìn)行了大量的研究,對管理科學(xué)發(fā)展有著重要的影響。本文對人性假設(shè)理論及西方管理模式進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的分析,目的在于借鑒西方管理方面的成果,結(jié)合中國實(shí)際,進(jìn)一步明確我國管理改革與發(fā)展的方向,提高管理水平和工作效績,促進(jìn)社會(huì)主義事業(yè)的快速發(fā)展。西方管理心理學(xué)者認(rèn)為,從傳統(tǒng)管理到管理心理學(xué),實(shí)際上存在著四種對人性的假設(shè),即“經(jīng)濟(jì)人”、“社會(huì)人”、“自我實(shí)現(xiàn)人” 和“復(fù)雜人”,不同的人性假設(shè)相對應(yīng)有著不同的管理模式。第一,“經(jīng)濟(jì)人”這是早期的人性假設(shè)。認(rèn)為人的行為的主要目的是追求自身的利益,工作的動(dòng)機(jī)是為了獲得經(jīng)濟(jì)報(bào)酬。美國心理學(xué)家麥格雷戈用“X理論”概括了這一假設(shè);谶@一假設(shè)的管理模式是“任務(wù)管理模式”,其特點(diǎn)是:管理的重點(diǎn)是效率、任務(wù),無須考慮人的感情因素。管理就是為完成任務(wù)而計(jì)劃、組織、指導(dǎo)、監(jiān)督;管理是少數(shù)人的事,與廣大員工無關(guān),員工有責(zé)任只是聽從指揮、努力工作;對人的工作行為控制主要是依靠金錢刺激和懲罰制裁,實(shí)行“胡蘿卜加大棒”的控制政策。第二,“社會(huì)人”的概念是美國哈佛大學(xué)教授梅奧根據(jù)他在霍桑工廠試驗(yàn)的科研成果而提出的;居^點(diǎn)是人類工作的主要?jiǎng)訖C(jī),除了經(jīng)濟(jì)利益還在于工作的社會(huì)關(guān)系,只有滿<WP=37>足職工的社會(huì)要求并有良好的人際關(guān)系,才能有效地調(diào)動(dòng)職工積極性;谶@一假設(shè)的管理模式是“參與管理模式”,其特點(diǎn)是:管理者應(yīng)把重點(diǎn)放在關(guān)心人、滿足人的社會(huì)需求上;注重職工間的人際關(guān)系,培養(yǎng)和形成職工的歸屬感與整體感;管理者不僅要負(fù)起責(zé)任,還應(yīng)在職工與上級(jí)之間充當(dāng)聯(lián)絡(luò)人。第三,“自我實(shí)現(xiàn)人”這一概念是由馬斯洛提出的。其觀點(diǎn)是人除了有社會(huì)需求外,還有一種想充分表現(xiàn)自己的能力,發(fā)揮自己潛力的欲望。麥格雷戈用“Y理論”概括了這一假設(shè);谶@一假設(shè)的管理模式是“民主管理模式”,其管理有如下特點(diǎn):管理的重點(diǎn)是創(chuàng)造有利于職工自我實(shí)現(xiàn)的工作環(huán)境和條件;激勵(lì)方式由“外在激勵(lì)”轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)椤皟?nèi)在激勵(lì)”;管理制度趨向于讓員工參與管理,自治、自決、自控。第四,“復(fù)雜人”論者認(rèn)為,前三種對人性的假設(shè)都有很大的片面性!皬(fù)雜人”的觀點(diǎn)是人不只是單純的前三種人,而應(yīng)是因時(shí)、因地、因各種情況采取適當(dāng)反映的“復(fù)雜人”,這被稱為“超Y理論”。 基于這一假設(shè)的管理模式是“權(quán)變的管理模式”。其管理特點(diǎn)是:管理措施應(yīng)因人而異、因事而異、隨境而異;應(yīng)變并不排斥前三種管理方法,但應(yīng)結(jié)合具體情況采用行之有效的管理方法。其次,本文著重評(píng)析了人性假設(shè)理論及其對應(yīng)的管理模式。四種人性觀及其理論、管理模式反映了西方管理心理學(xué)的人性觀和管理思想的演變過程。從總體上看,這種演變概括起來表現(xiàn)出三種發(fā)展趨勢:第一,從不重視人、不尊重人的以工作為中心的管理思想,到重視人、尊重人的以人為中心的管理思想的發(fā)展趨勢。第二,從重視人的較低層次的外<WP=38>在物質(zhì)需要及其滿足,到重視人的較高層次的外在社會(huì)性交往需要及其滿足,再到重視人的高層次的內(nèi)在自我實(shí)現(xiàn)精神的需要及其滿足的工作動(dòng)機(jī)激勵(lì)理論的發(fā)展趨勢。第三,,從人的工作行為動(dòng)機(jī)的單一因素的機(jī)械決定論觀點(diǎn)向復(fù)雜因素的帶有一定辯證思想的決定觀點(diǎn)的發(fā)展趨勢。這三種趨勢反映了西方管理心理學(xué)科學(xué)研究的成果,值得我們社會(huì)主義組織管理重視、學(xué)習(xí)和借鑒。最后,根據(jù)上述利弊分析,學(xué)習(xí)和批判借鑒西方管理模式,構(gòu)建我國管理理論的三點(diǎn)思考:第一,樹立“以人為本”的管理理念。社會(huì)主義管理原則應(yīng)當(dāng)把建立良好的社會(huì)主義人際關(guān)系放在比物質(zhì)刺激更重要的地位;社會(huì)主義管理應(yīng)當(dāng)用馬克思主義有關(guān)人的社會(huì)性的思想指導(dǎo)工作組織中社會(huì)關(guān)系的分析。第二,重視“自我實(shí)現(xiàn)”的內(nèi)在激勵(lì)。社會(huì)主義管理首先應(yīng)當(dāng)承認(rèn)自我實(shí)現(xiàn)的需要是人的一種自然需要,以及這種需要對人的工作動(dòng)機(jī)的巨大激勵(lì)作用;正確引導(dǎo)工作者自我實(shí)現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容、方向和途徑,自我實(shí)現(xiàn)需要作為一種自然需要人皆有之;在正確導(dǎo)向的前提下,社會(huì)主義工作組織管理應(yīng)當(dāng)鼓勵(lì)創(chuàng)造良好的工作環(huán)境條件,使組織成員充分發(fā)揮潛力,表現(xiàn)才能;“自我實(shí)現(xiàn)”觀點(diǎn)所提出的內(nèi)在激勵(lì)的作用也值得社會(huì)主義工作組織管理予以重視。第三,大力開展高校管理的改革。首先,中國高校管理在西方管理模式的影響下,人們的思想觀念有了極大的解放和轉(zhuǎn)變。高校管理日益呈現(xiàn)出科學(xué)化、民主化、社會(huì)化、開放化的趨勢。大學(xué)管理至少應(yīng)從“社會(huì)人”及“自我實(shí)現(xiàn)人”的人性假設(shè)理論出發(fā)。其次,目前我國許多高校管理凸顯了以“社會(huì)人”、“自<WP=39>我實(shí)現(xiàn)人”的行為科學(xué)理論導(dǎo)出的管理模式,其特點(diǎn):(1)高校管理者把重點(diǎn)放在人的因素和工作環(huán)境上,他們重視人的作用和人際關(guān)系。(2)成功的管理者都認(rèn)為管理者只是人際關(guān)系的調(diào)節(jié)者,他們認(rèn)為主要任務(wù)在于為如何發(fā)揮教師的才智、創(chuàng)造適宜的條件,減少和消除教師自我實(shí)現(xiàn)過程中所遇到的障礙。(3)馬斯洛需求層次的主要需求,如:歸屬需要、自尊的需要和自我實(shí)現(xiàn)的需要,對高校教師群體尤為重要?傊,成功的高校管理,處于良好的協(xié)作狀態(tài)。高校管理既關(guān)注學(xué)校的
The understanding of human nature is the foundation of the theories and models of management. Western theorists have completed extensive investigations concerning human nature, which influenced the practice of management. The thesis discusses western management patterns by way of analyzing theories of human nature, and tries to explore the effectiveness of the practice of management in our country.From classical management to the psychology of management, there exist four hypotheses of human nature,i.e.,economic man,social man,self-actualization man, and complex man. Each hypothesis implies a unique practice of management.“Economic man” was the earliest hypothesis. It regarded the pursuit of economic benefits as the main striving force of human behavior. Psychologist McGregor summarizes it as theory-X. The practice that corresponds this hypothesis is “task management”, which emphasizes the task and efficiency and neglects affectionate factors. In this practice, management is plan, organization, direction, and supervisior that will complete the task. It is the business for the few managers,not the business for the majority of the <WP=41>employees .The concept of “Social man” was contrived by Havvard Professor Mayo based on his Horthorne experimentations.It discloses that the main motivation for human job behavior is the satisfaction of human relations rather than economic benefits. The practice that corresponds this hypothesis is participating management, the main features of which are consideration and satisfaction of employees’ social needs and feeling of belongingness. The role for managers is the connection between employees and supervisors.The concept of “Self-actualization man” was provided by Maslow. In Maslow’view, besides social needs, human being cherishes a desire to actualize his potentials. McGregor Summarizes this hypothesis as theory-Y. The practice that corresponds this hypothesis is “democratic management”, which emphasizes the creation of beneficial environment for employees’ self-actualization. The motivation changes from the outside to the inside.The hypothesis of “complex man” regards each of the above as provincial. In this hypothesis, human being cannot be simply classified as any one category of economic man, social man, or self-actualization man. Human being’ behavior is contingent,depending on the time,the place,and other environmental factors. The practice that corresponds this hypothesis is called <WP=42>“contingent management”. In this model, the practice of management should be different for different people, different tasks, and different environments. “contingency” doesnot exclude the above three types of practice, what it emphasizes is the consideration of concrete situations. The thesis points out that the four hypotheses reflects the developmental process of managerial psychological viewpoints of human nature and the thought of management. To summarize, the development displays three tendencies. The first is the development from task-centered management to employee-centered management. The second is from catering employees’ low-level, material needs to satisfying employees’higher-level, social land self-actualizing needs. The third is concerned with the motivation of human job behavior, which moves from single factor determination to multiple factors determination. These tendencies crystalize the achievement of western managerial psychological investigation, which deserves our attention and reference.Concerning reference, the thesis provides three points of consideration.The first is to establish the managerial idea of “human-centeredness”. In our socialist system, good socialist human relationships should be freated as more important than economic, material motivation. We should guide our analysis of the social <WP=43>relations in our organizations Marxist thought of human as social beings. The second is the emphasis of the inner motivation of “self-actualization”. First of all, socialist management should admit that self-a


  本文關(guān)鍵詞:從人性假設(shè)理論對西方管理模式的解析,由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。



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