【摘要】：清代,湖南文教建筑(學(xué)宮和書(shū)院)得到前所未有的發(fā)展,不僅數(shù)量上達(dá)到四百多所,處于全國(guó)前列,而且類型齊全,極具地方特色,成為湖南清代教育和湖湘文化的歷史見(jiàn)證,有較大的研究?jī)r(jià)值空間。但遺憾的是,多年來(lái)對(duì)它們?nèi)嫦到y(tǒng)地研究并不多,更為嚴(yán)重的是,當(dāng)時(shí)多達(dá)400多所的文教建筑至今僅剩下殘缺不全的35所(17所學(xué)宮和18所書(shū)院),因此選擇本課題進(jìn)行研究,力圖為傳承和發(fā)展文教建筑藝術(shù)形象中蘊(yùn)含的文化精神及文化遺產(chǎn)的合理保護(hù)而敬獻(xiàn)綿薄之力。 本文基于對(duì)現(xiàn)存35處清代文教建筑的實(shí)地測(cè)繪圖、攝錄像和139張相關(guān)方志圖,結(jié)合歷史因素、自然因素、社會(huì)因素和文化因素四個(gè)方面,從官學(xué)和私學(xué)的角度,就發(fā)展歷程、選址環(huán)境、功能布局、建筑形制和建筑裝飾五個(gè)方面,研究湖南清代文教建筑獨(dú)有的地域特色及其成因：在發(fā)展歷程方面,分析出康熙二十年(1681年)至雍正末年(1735年)為湖南清代文教建筑數(shù)量最多、藝術(shù)成就最高的階段；在選址環(huán)境方面,比較分析了湖南清代學(xué)宮選址與全國(guó)其它15省的相異之處,提出了以居于城市正中心為多的見(jiàn)解,書(shū)院選址則與全國(guó)書(shū)院大同小異；在功能布局方面,對(duì)全國(guó)學(xué)宮普遍以左廟右學(xué)為主和湖南學(xué)宮普遍以右廟左學(xué)的主因進(jìn)行了剖析,對(duì)書(shū)院建筑則通過(guò)對(duì)各功能區(qū)及其庭院空間的量化分析,得出其以教學(xué)功能區(qū)為中心,對(duì)祭祀?yún)^(qū)的重視程度超過(guò)藏書(shū)區(qū)的結(jié)論；在建筑形制方面,則不局限于常見(jiàn)基本建筑類型,而增設(shè)較多祭孔樂(lè)舞儀式建筑,形成了豐富的建筑類型和形制；在建筑裝飾方面,既反映出具有一定程式化的官式作法特點(diǎn),又充分利用了湖南當(dāng)?shù)夭牧系馁|(zhì)感和工藝特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行藝術(shù)加工。以上五個(gè)方面就其本質(zhì)而言,實(shí)際上已遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出了建筑營(yíng)造本身,而蘊(yùn)含著更悠遠(yuǎn)的士文化精神和美學(xué)趣味,表達(dá)了以儒家思想為主體的中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化意識(shí),體現(xiàn)了湖湘文化不拘一格的創(chuàng)新精神。并以此為依據(jù),形成了35份現(xiàn)狀評(píng)估表和部分?jǐn)?shù)字化信息管理檔案,彌補(bǔ)了目前湖南清代文教建筑評(píng)估和數(shù)字化保護(hù)的不足。 本文成果分六章闡述：第一、二章,探討湖南清代特有的歷史因素、自然因素、社會(huì)因素和文化因素對(duì)文教建筑形成與發(fā)展的影響；第三、四章,從發(fā)展歷程、選址環(huán)境、功能布局、建筑形制和建筑裝飾五個(gè)方面分別研究湖南清代學(xué)宮和書(shū)院建筑；第五章綜合比較學(xué)宮和書(shū)院建筑的異同；第六章,提出科學(xué)保護(hù)和利用湖南清代文教建筑的思路和方法。 全文正文約23萬(wàn)字,自繪自攝圖片456幅,自繪圖表51張。
[Abstract]:In the Qing Dynasty, Hunan's cultural and educational buildings (learning palaces and academies) achieved unprecedented development. Not only were they more than 400 in number, they were in the forefront of the country, and they were of complete types and had local characteristics. As the historical witness of Hunan Qing education and Huxiang culture, it has great research value space. Unfortunately, there has been little comprehensive and systematic study of them over the years, and more seriously, as many as 400 cultural and educational buildings were left with only 35 incomplete buildings (17 palaces and 18 academies). Therefore, we choose this subject to study, and try to contribute to the inheritance and development of the cultural spirit and the reasonable protection of cultural heritage contained in the cultural and educational architecture and art image. This paper is based on the surveying and mapping map of 35 cultural and educational buildings in the Qing Dynasty, videotaping images and 139 related maps, combining the four aspects of historical, natural, social and cultural factors, and from the perspective of official and private studies, the course of development. In the five aspects of location environment, functional layout, architectural form and architectural decoration, this paper studies the unique regional characteristics and causes of cultural and educational architecture in the Qing Dynasty in Hunan. Analysis of the Kangxi 20 years (1681) to the last period of Yongzheng (1735) is Hunan Qing Dynasty the largest number of cultural and educational buildings, the highest artistic achievement stage; In terms of location environment, this paper compares and analyzes the differences between the location of the academic palace in Hunan and the other 15 provinces in the whole country, and puts forward the opinion that there are more places in the center of the city, while the location of the academies is much the same as that of the academies of learning in the whole country. In the aspect of function layout, the main causes of the left temple and the right school are analyzed in the national learning palace and the Hunan school palace, and the quantitative analysis of each function area and its courtyard space is made to the academy building. It comes to the conclusion that it takes the teaching function area as the center and pays more attention to the sacrificial area than the library area. In the aspect of architectural form, it is not limited to the common basic architectural types, but the addition of more ritual buildings, forming a rich architectural type and shape; In the aspect of architectural decoration, it not only reflects the characteristic of official practice, but also makes full use of the texture and technology of Hunan local materials for artistic processing. In fact, the above five aspects, in essence, have gone far beyond the architectural construction itself, and contain a more distant cultural spirit and aesthetic interest, thus expressing the Chinese traditional cultural consciousness with Confucianism as the main body. It embodies the spirit of innovation of Huxiang culture. On the basis of this, 35 status assessment forms and some digitized information management files were formed, which made up for the deficiency of cultural and educational architecture evaluation and digital protection in Hunan Qing Dynasty. This paper is divided into six chapters: the first and second chapters discuss the influence of historical factors, natural factors, social factors and cultural factors on the formation and development of cultural and educational architecture in Hunan Qing Dynasty; The third and fourth chapters, from the development course, the location environment, the function layout, the architectural form and the architectural decoration, separately studies the Hunan Qing Dynasty learning palace and the academy architecture, the fifth chapter synthesizes the similarities and differences between the palace and the academy architecture; The sixth chapter puts forward the ideas and methods of scientific protection and utilization of cultural and educational buildings in Hunan Qing Dynasty. The text of the text is about 230000 words, self-drawing self-picture 456, self-drawing table 51.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：湖南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：TU-092

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