【摘要】：近年來(lái)飲用水消毒副產(chǎn)物(DBPs)因?yàn)榉N類多、毒性大、分布廣而備受關(guān)注。DBPs產(chǎn)生于水廠末端的消毒過(guò)程,生成后缺乏有效的去除方法。管網(wǎng)作為連接水廠和用戶的必經(jīng)環(huán)節(jié),其間發(fā)生的降解作用可影響DBPs的穩(wěn)定性,并決定其發(fā)生、分布和毒性。然而,DBPs在管網(wǎng)內(nèi)的環(huán)境行為目前了解較少,不同DBPs之間行為差異的原因也不明確。同時(shí),突發(fā)性水污染事件的增加促使凈水裝置進(jìn)入家庭,而當(dāng)前家庭方式對(duì)DBPs的去除效果了解較少。因此,有必要對(duì)DBPs穩(wěn)定性開(kāi)展系統(tǒng)有序的研究。本課題通過(guò)測(cè)定三種鹵代甲烷在各種管網(wǎng)條件下的降解行為,重點(diǎn)研究了三種鹵代甲烷在水解、氧化、和還原過(guò)程中的穩(wěn)定性;同時(shí),考察了多種家庭方式對(duì)三種鹵代甲烷的去除效果。水解實(shí)驗(yàn)表明:三種鹵代甲烷的水解反應(yīng)符合準(zhǔn)一級(jí)反應(yīng),且為堿性水解,符合水解方程和阿倫利烏斯方程。反應(yīng)速率隨著溫度和p H的增加而增加,水解速率的排序?yàn)?三溴甲烷三氯甲烷二碘甲烷。鹵素離子對(duì)水解影響不大,不同水體中的水解速率略有差異。三氯甲烷和三溴甲烷水解產(chǎn)物為對(duì)應(yīng)的鹵素離子。氧化實(shí)驗(yàn)表明:在0-10 mg/L濃度范圍內(nèi),余氯以及氯胺的氧化作用對(duì)三種鹵代甲烷穩(wěn)定性并沒(méi)有比較明顯的影響。還原實(shí)驗(yàn)表明:零價(jià)鐵的還原作用可以使三鹵代甲烷在酸性條件下迅速降解,在中性以及堿性條件下降解較慢;最佳投加量為8 g/L;Fe2+和腐殖酸會(huì)促進(jìn)零價(jià)鐵對(duì)鹵代甲烷的還原作用;單獨(dú)的SO32-、Fe2+、腐殖酸對(duì)鹵代甲烷無(wú)明顯還原作用;不同水體下的還原速率為海水超純水自來(lái)水湖水。紫外光解實(shí)驗(yàn)表明:三氯甲烷則不能被UV254nm光解,三溴甲烷和二碘甲烷則在UV254nm下光解迅速且符合一級(jí)反應(yīng)動(dòng)力學(xué);p H、Cl-、Br-對(duì)光解無(wú)影響;I-、NO3-可以促進(jìn)光解作用;Fe3+、腐殖酸可以抑制光解;在超純水中光解速率快于其他水體。反滲透(RO)凈水器實(shí)驗(yàn)表明:前置三級(jí)濾芯對(duì)三種鹵代甲烷的去除效果大小為:顆�；钚蕴縋P棉壓縮活性炭;流速越低,去除率均越高;低濃度鹵代甲烷去除率高于高濃度。反滲透膜對(duì)三種鹵代甲烷均有著極高的去除率(99%);去除率和壓力、濃度、p H均無(wú)關(guān)。所以家用凈水器在正常使用情況下對(duì)于鹵代甲烷的去除是有效的。去除鹵代甲烷的家庭方式包括熱水壺、微波爐、超聲清洗機(jī)、風(fēng)扇、攪拌機(jī)(如豆?jié){機(jī)、榨汁機(jī))等家用電器,去除的原理主要利用的是鹵代甲烷的易揮發(fā)特性,實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明:溫度、風(fēng)速、超聲、轉(zhuǎn)速、微波均能促進(jìn)了鹵代甲烷的揮發(fā),其影響大小為:轉(zhuǎn)速超聲溫度風(fēng)速微波�？梢�(jiàn)這些家庭方式對(duì)于應(yīng)急處理飲用水中鹵代甲烷是可行的。本課題嘗試了多種去除鹵代甲烷的方式方法,并取得的較好的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果,研究結(jié)果可為典型鹵代甲烷在管網(wǎng)中的環(huán)境行為提供基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù),并為民眾應(yīng)對(duì)突發(fā)性水污染時(shí)采取的措施提供參考意見(jiàn)。
[Abstract]:In recent years, (DBPs), a by-product of drinking water disinfection, has attracted much attention because of its variety, toxicity and wide distribution. DBPs is produced in the disinfection process at the end of water plant, and there is no effective removal method after it is produced. As a necessary link to connect water plants and users, the degradation of pipe network can affect the stability of DBPs and determine its occurrence, distribution and toxicity. However, little is known about the environmental behavior of DBPs in pipe networks, and the reasons for the differences among DBPs are not clear. At the same time, the increase of sudden water pollution events impels the water purification device to enter the home, but the current household mode has little understanding of the effect of DBPs removal. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out systematic and orderly research on the stability of DBPs. In this paper, the degradation behavior of three halogenated methane under various pipe network conditions was determined, and the stability of three halogenated methane in hydrolysis, oxidation, and reduction was studied. The removal efficiency of three halogenated methane by various household methods was investigated. The hydrolysis experiments showed that the hydrolysis of the three halogenated methane was in accordance with the quasi first order reaction and the alkaline hydrolysis, which was in accordance with the hydrolysis equation and the Arrhenius equation. The reaction rate increased with the increase of temperature and pH, and the order of hydrolysis rate was as follows: trichloromethane dichloromethane. The effect of halogen ions on hydrolysis was not significant, but the hydrolysis rate was slightly different in different water bodies. Trichloromethane and tribromomethane hydrolysates are the corresponding halogen ions. The oxidation experiments showed that the oxidation of residual chlorine and chloramine had no obvious effect on the stability of the three halogenated methane in the concentration range of 0-10 mg/L. The reduction experiments show that the reduction of zero-valent iron can rapidly degrade trihalomethane under acidic conditions and slow degradation in neutral and alkaline conditions. The optimum dosage of 8 g / L Fe _ 2 and humic acid could promote the reduction of halomethane by zero valent iron; with SO32-,Fe2 alone, humic acid had no effect on the reduction of halogenated methane; and the reduction rate under different water bodies was that of water, tap water, lake water, water and water, respectively. UV photolysis experiments showed that trichloromethane could not be photolysis by UV254nm, tribromomethane and diiodomethane could be photolysis rapidly under UV254nm and accord with first-order reaction kinetics, pHCl-Br- had no effect on photolysis, I-no _ 3- could promote photolysis, and Fe3, humic acid could inhibit photolysis. The photolysis rate in ultrapure water is faster than that in other water bodies. The experiment of reverse osmosis (RO) water purifier shows that the removal efficiency of three halogenated methane is as follows: granular activated carbon PP cotton compressed activated carbon, the lower the flow rate, the higher the removal rate, and the higher the removal rate of low concentration halogenated methane is higher than that of high concentration. The reverse osmosis membrane has a very high removal rate (99%) of three halogenated methane, and the removal rate is independent of pressure and concentration of, p H. Therefore, household water purifiers in normal use for halogenated methane removal is effective. Household appliances used to remove halogenated methane include hot kettle, microwave oven, ultrasonic cleaning machine, fan, mixer (such as soy milk machine, juicer) and other household appliances. The principle of removal is mainly based on the volatile characteristics of halogenated methane. The experimental results show that temperature, wind speed, ultrasonic speed, rotational speed and microwave can all promote the volatilization of halogenated methane. This shows that these household methods are feasible for emergency treatment of halogenated methane in drinking water. In this paper, several methods of removing halogenated methane have been tried, and good experimental results have been obtained. The results can provide basic data for the environmental behavior of typical halogenated methane in the pipe network. It also provides the reference for the people to deal with the sudden water pollution.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：TU991.2

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