【摘要】：由于天然石材裝飾效果高貴、華麗、純樸、自然，近年來越來越多的被用來進(jìn)行家居、辦公、娛樂等場所的環(huán)境裝飾。但是天然石材具有放射性，造成室內(nèi)的污染，，損害人們的健康，北京市目前對石材建材的合理規(guī)范及安全性沒有明文規(guī)定和安全評估數(shù)據(jù)庫。為此，本文針對北京市公眾對天然石材放射性的認(rèn)知程度和輻射防護(hù)意識水平進(jìn)行現(xiàn)場調(diào)研，對北京市天然石材放射性核素以及氡析出率進(jìn)行實(shí)地測量和分析，并進(jìn)行風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估，進(jìn)而提出相應(yīng)的防護(hù)措施和指導(dǎo)性建議，具有重大的意義。 本文首先對北京市石材市場做初步的調(diào)研，通過對比、搜集相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)，抽樣選取北京市居民、石材市場工作人員進(jìn)行問卷調(diào)查，獲取北京市公眾對天然石材放射性的認(rèn)知程度以及防護(hù)意識水平。其次，通過實(shí)地調(diào)查和抽樣選取天然石材樣品進(jìn)行放射性核素以及氡析出率檢測，確定北京市天然石材的放射性水平。最后利用層次分析法在危險(xiǎn)源、人、管理、環(huán)境等方面詳細(xì)考查北京市某石材市場的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)影響因素并進(jìn)行風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估。 根據(jù)問卷調(diào)查的結(jié)果顯示，北京市石材工作人員和居民對天然石材的放射性認(rèn)知程度以及防護(hù)意識水平較低。對石材放射性水平的調(diào)查測試的結(jié)果顯示，19種抽查的石材樣品中有3種是B類石材，非A類石材率為15.8%，低于全國的平均水平；另外，人均年有效劑量估算中有4種石材超過了1mSv/a，需要限制使用。根據(jù)氡濃度和析出率的測定結(jié)果顯示：天然石材氡的析出率以及室內(nèi)氡濃度與許多因素有關(guān)，不同種類的石材氡析出率不同，在北京市抽查測試的樣品中，平均氡析出率為2.0410-3Bq/m2·s。 通過本次的實(shí)地調(diào)查和測試，經(jīng)過分析發(fā)現(xiàn)不同種類的石材以及石材的顏色深淺都影響氡濃度的大小和析出率，南方地區(qū)的石材輻射性較大，顏色深的石材危害性較大。然而北京卻對有關(guān)石材輻射性危害的知識普及和培訓(xùn)力度不夠，相應(yīng)的政府部門也未對其進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格的管理和監(jiān)督，導(dǎo)致人們對石材輻射危害的輕視，這才是造成人員身體傷害的一個重大隱患，希望本次研究能夠?qū)ο嚓P(guān)政府部門完善天然石材市場的放射性監(jiān)管工作起到一定的指導(dǎo)和促進(jìn)作用。
[Abstract]:Because of natural stone decoration effect noble, gorgeous, simple, natural, in recent years, more and more used for home, office, entertainment and other places of environmental decoration. However, natural stone materials are radioactive, causing indoor pollution and harming people's health. At present, there is no clear regulation and safety database for the reasonable specification and safety of stone building materials in Beijing. Therefore, based on the field investigation of the public's cognition of natural stone radioactivity and the level of radiation protection consciousness, the field measurement and analysis of the radionuclide and radon exhalation rate of Beijing natural stone materials are carried out in this paper. It is of great significance to carry out risk assessment and put forward corresponding protective measures and guiding suggestions. First of all, this paper makes a preliminary survey on the stone market in Beijing, through comparison, collecting relevant documents, sampling Beijing residents, stone market staff to carry out a questionnaire survey. To obtain the level of awareness and awareness of natural stone radioactivity among the public in Beijing. Secondly, the radionuclide and radon exhalation rate of natural stone samples are determined by field investigation and sampling. Finally, the risk factors of a stone market in Beijing are investigated and evaluated by AHP in the aspects of risk source, people, management, environment and so on. According to the results of questionnaire survey, the level of radioactive cognition and protection consciousness of stone workers and residents in Beijing are low. The results of the investigation and test of the radioactive level of the stone materials show that 3 of the 19 samples of stone samples are B stone, and the rate of non-A stone is 15.8, which is lower than the average level of the whole country; in addition, Four species of stone in the per capita annual effective dose estimate exceed 1 mSv / a and need to be restricted. According to the determination of radon concentration and exhalation rate, the results show that the radon exhalation rate of natural stone materials and indoor radon concentration are related to many factors. The radon exhalation rate of different kinds of stone materials is different. The average radon exhalation rate of samples tested in Beijing is 2.0410-3Bq/m2 s. Through the field investigation and test, it is found that the different kinds of stone and the color of stone have influence on the radon concentration and exhalation rate. However, Beijing does not have enough knowledge and training on the radiation hazards of stone materials, and the corresponding government departments have not carried out strict management and supervision of them, which has led to people's contempt for the radiation hazards of stone materials. This is a major hidden danger of human body injury. I hope this study can guide and promote the relevant government departments to improve the radioactive supervision of natural stone market.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)（北京）
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：TU521.2;X591

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