本文選題：生土建筑 + 營(yíng)造工藝�。� 參考：《重慶大學(xué)》2016年碩士論文

【摘要】：傳統(tǒng)生土建筑因其取材便利、造價(jià)低廉、環(huán)保節(jié)能及建造簡(jiǎn)單,目前在我國(guó)農(nóng)村地區(qū)仍大量存在并被使用著。隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展和城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程的加快,同時(shí)生土建筑自身耐候性、結(jié)構(gòu)安全性、室內(nèi)光和熱環(huán)境舒適性差等問題使其正逐漸被磚混結(jié)構(gòu)房屋所替代。因此,總結(jié)生土建筑的傳統(tǒng)營(yíng)造技術(shù),并從安全性與節(jié)能性角度提出技術(shù)優(yōu)化措施,解決阻礙其傳承和發(fā)展的頑疾尤為重要。論文通過現(xiàn)有文獻(xiàn)和實(shí)地考察資料,梳理與總結(jié)了生土建筑的形態(tài)特征、營(yíng)造技術(shù),針對(duì)現(xiàn)存的質(zhì)量與能耗問題從生土材料性能改善、設(shè)計(jì)與構(gòu)造、營(yíng)造工藝三方面提出優(yōu)化措施。最后,借助Ecotect軟件對(duì)節(jié)能技術(shù)進(jìn)行數(shù)值模擬并對(duì)比分析,得出各氣候區(qū)最適宜的節(jié)能改造技術(shù)。通過查閱相關(guān)資料和實(shí)地調(diào)研訪談,對(duì)傳統(tǒng)窯洞建筑、夯土和土坯建筑的構(gòu)造形式、營(yíng)建過程與做法進(jìn)行詳細(xì)記錄與總結(jié)。調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),現(xiàn)存生土建筑在安全性方面存在墻體受侵蝕破壞嚴(yán)重、墻體裂縫普遍存在、挑梁與檐檁變形嚴(yán)重、建筑抵抗震害能力差等問題。有針對(duì)性的提出優(yōu)化措施:生土材料改性方面,通過抗剪與抗壓強(qiáng)度及抗沖刷性能試驗(yàn)得出,粘土中單摻細(xì)砂、植物纖維、玻璃纖維和水玻璃以及細(xì)砂與其它改性劑互摻均能提高其性能。各改性劑的最優(yōu)配比為:細(xì)砂40%、植物纖維0.5%、玻璃纖維0.5%、水玻璃8%;并根據(jù)改性土力學(xué)性能與抗沖刷性提升效果得出改性劑的優(yōu)選原則;建筑設(shè)計(jì)、構(gòu)造及營(yíng)造工藝方面:對(duì)生土房屋的層數(shù)與高度、墻體高厚比、房屋局部尺寸設(shè)計(jì)限值,采取墻體縱橫向加筋、增設(shè)圈梁和構(gòu)造柱及門窗洞口加固的方法提高生土房屋的抗震性能,通過增加土的預(yù)處理工序、采用新型高效夯筑工具、使用更合理的夯筑與砌筑方法、采用土墻面層鋼絲網(wǎng)加固及加強(qiáng)屋架與墻體、屋架各構(gòu)件之間的連接性來提高房屋的整體性與抗震性能�，F(xiàn)存生土建筑節(jié)能方面存在的問題:室內(nèi)采光差、圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)保溫隔熱性能與圍和性差、窗墻比普遍偏小、能源利用方式粗獷等。通過各氣候區(qū)典型生土建筑在節(jié)能技術(shù)下的能耗模擬與數(shù)值分析,得出最適宜節(jié)能技術(shù):嚴(yán)寒干旱較強(qiáng)輻射區(qū),首先宜采用厚重型外墻,其次是附加陽光間,最后采用厚重型屋面;寒冷干旱強(qiáng)輻射區(qū),附設(shè)陽光間效果最好,其次采用厚重型外墻,然后是屋面加保溫層;夏熱冬冷低輻射區(qū),首先宜用屋頂加保溫層,其次是采用厚重的圍護(hù)墻體,最后是用節(jié)能外窗;炎熱濕潤(rùn)強(qiáng)輻射區(qū),宜采用厚重型外墻,其次增大窗戶面積加強(qiáng)通風(fēng)。最后,增設(shè)吊頂、采用單純?cè)龃蟠皦Ρ群透鼡Q窗框材料的做法,對(duì)各氣候區(qū)建筑的保溫隔熱效果影響均較小。
[Abstract]:Because of its convenience, low cost, environmental protection and energy saving and simple construction, the traditional soil building is still widely used and used in the rural areas of China. With the rapid development of the economy and the acceleration of urbanization, the weatherability of the building itself, the safety of the structure, the poor comfort of the indoor light and thermal environment are becoming more and more serious. It is replaced by brick and concrete building. Therefore, it is very important to sum up the traditional construction technology of the earth building, and to put forward the technical optimization measures from the angle of safety and energy saving, and to solve the stubborn disease which hinders its inheritance and development. The existing quality and energy consumption problems from the improvement of raw soil material performance, design and construction, construction technology three aspects of the optimization measures. Finally, with the aid of Ecotect software to numerical simulation of energy saving technology and comparative analysis, get the most suitable energy saving transformation technology in each climate zone. Through checking related data and field investigation and interview, the traditional cave cave The construction, the structure of Rammed Soil and the adobe building, the construction process and the practice are recorded and summarized in detail. It is found that the existing soil buildings are seriously damaged by the erosion of the wall, the wall cracks are widespread, the deformation of the beam and the eaves purlin is serious, and the building resistance to the earthquake damage ability is poor. In the modification of raw soil materials, through the test of shear and compressive strength and resistance to scour resistance, it is concluded that the properties of single mixed sand, plant fiber, glass fiber and water glass, fine sand and other modifiers in clay can improve their performance. The optimum ratio of each modifier is 40% of fine sand, 0.5% of plant fiber, 0.5% of glass fiber, 8% of glass, and 8% of water glass. The mechanical properties of the modified soil and the improvement of the anti scouring effect obtained the optimization principle of the modifier; the architectural design, construction and construction technology: the number and height of the earth house, the height to thickness ratio of the wall, the limit value of the local size of the house, the vertical and horizontal reinforcement of the wall, the reinforcement of the ring beam and the construction column and the opening of the doors and windows of the doors and windows to improve the living room. The seismic performance of the house is improved by increasing the pre treatment process of soil, using a new type of efficient ramming tool, using a more reasonable ramming and masonry method, strengthening and strengthening the roof and wall, the connectivity between the various components of the roof to improve the integrity and seismic performance of the building. Problems: the indoor lighting is poor, the insulation and insulation performance of the enclosure structure is poor, the window and wall are smaller and the way of energy utilization is rough. Through the simulation and numerical analysis of energy consumption in the energy saving technology, the most suitable energy saving technology is obtained through the energy saving technology of the typical soil buildings in each climate zone. It is an additional sunlight room with heavy heavy roof; the cold arid and strong radiation area has the best effect, followed by thick and heavy wall, and then the roof and heat preservation layer; the hot summer and winter cold low radiation zone, the first should be with the roof and the insulation layer, followed by the heavy wall, the last is the energy saving exterior window, the hot and humid and strong radiation area, It is appropriate to adopt heavy and heavy wall, and then increase the ventilation of the window area. Finally, adding the ceiling, adopting the method of simply increasing the ratio of window and wall and changing the material of window frame, has little effect on the thermal insulation effect of the buildings in each climate zone.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：重慶大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：TU241.5;TU201.5

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