發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-04-12 21:01

  本文選題：景觀規(guī)劃 + 生態(tài)網(wǎng)絡(luò)　； 參考：《中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2014年博士論文

【摘要】：在中大尺度上合理安排國土空間格局,在小尺度上完善景觀格局并開展生態(tài)化設(shè)計(jì)與建設(shè),是生態(tài)文明建設(shè)的戰(zhàn)略與實(shí)踐需求。鄉(xiāng)村景觀涵蓋了廣大的國土范圍,是區(qū)域乃至國土可持續(xù)發(fā)展的重要支撐,開展鄉(xiāng)村生態(tài)景觀評價(jià)與規(guī)劃方法研究是推進(jìn)并實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)的重要途徑。本文在市級尺度上從促進(jìn)多功能發(fā)展的角度關(guān)注空間格局安排,在村級尺度上辨識鄉(xiāng)村生態(tài)景觀特征并探索建設(shè)途徑,并結(jié)合市級與村級兩個(gè)尺度的研究經(jīng)驗(yàn)討論了建設(shè)關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)。 1)在北京市生態(tài)網(wǎng)絡(luò)規(guī)劃中,使用生態(tài)群概念與方法,將保護(hù)目標(biāo)劃分為三類,包括遷徙型鳥類、小型森林鳥類與小型森林哺乳類,以考慮大部分生物的保護(hù)需求；生態(tài)系統(tǒng)需求、生境面積需求與短距離擴(kuò)散能力是生態(tài)群劃分依據(jù)的三個(gè)指標(biāo)；生境面積需求作為生境斑塊定量化提取的依據(jù),剔除1.15%-42.71%不等的無效生境斑塊；短距離擴(kuò)散能力能作為廊道規(guī)劃需求的判別閾值；最小費(fèi)用模型是進(jìn)行定量化廊道空間規(guī)劃的有效方式；不同生態(tài)群保護(hù)的生態(tài)網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間結(jié)構(gòu)差異明顯,針對單一物種類型所制定的生態(tài)網(wǎng)絡(luò)難以承擔(dān)大部分生物的保護(hù)需求；結(jié)合生態(tài)群與最小費(fèi)用模型進(jìn)行生態(tài)網(wǎng)絡(luò)規(guī)劃,能提升生物多樣性保護(hù)效率。 2)綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施應(yīng)綜合分析社會經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展階段、政策背景與發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略、政府相關(guān)部門的發(fā)展訴求、不同學(xué)科專家發(fā)展意見、多功能空間發(fā)展需求幾方面開展評價(jià)與規(guī)劃；在上海市從空間格局優(yōu)化、生物多樣性保護(hù)、水土安全提升、防災(zāi)避險(xiǎn)和休閑游憩發(fā)展五項(xiàng)核心功能,使用14項(xiàng)評價(jià)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行多功能評價(jià)；同時(shí)制定了空間格局區(qū)塊的發(fā)展需求,指導(dǎo)下一尺度綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施規(guī)劃與建設(shè)的實(shí)施；綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施能有效支持城鎮(zhèn)地區(qū)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展規(guī)劃。 3)在多功能空間規(guī)劃中,某些地區(qū)會比其他地區(qū)承擔(dān)更多的功能類型或功能效用而具有更高的重要性；使用功能數(shù)量、功能程度及功能可實(shí)施性三個(gè)因子共同構(gòu)建空間重要性評價(jià)指標(biāo),以辨識不同地區(qū)在發(fā)揮多功能效用時(shí)重要性；功能數(shù)量與功能程度的空間分布具有不均勻性,證明了不同地區(qū)所能發(fā)揮的功能數(shù)量與程度存在差異；功能可實(shí)施性辨識多功能間的權(quán)重系數(shù),嘗試考慮多功能相互作用進(jìn)行空間規(guī)劃；基于空間重要性進(jìn)行多功能優(yōu)先建設(shè)區(qū)劃分,能合理安排規(guī)劃建設(shè)的空間順序,提升建設(shè)所獲得的多功能效益。 4)小尺度鄉(xiāng)村生態(tài)景觀劃分面狀、線狀與點(diǎn)狀三個(gè)景觀類型,使用土地利用、土地覆蓋、植被結(jié)構(gòu)、景觀屬性四個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)層進(jìn)行分層分類,并結(jié)合高分辨率遙感影像、野外測繪建立數(shù)據(jù)庫。從景觀現(xiàn)狀、變化趨勢與情景分析進(jìn)行評價(jià),在大興、曲周與常熟的村級研究區(qū)顯示,當(dāng)前小尺度鄉(xiāng)村景觀均質(zhì)化、網(wǎng)格化明顯,景觀特征逐步消失；防護(hù)林帶間隔過寬,約80%主林帶超過標(biāo)準(zhǔn),約30%副林帶超過標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；防護(hù)林殘缺斷帶率達(dá)18%-38%；農(nóng)業(yè)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施地表硬化成為主要生態(tài)環(huán)境問題,道路過度硬化率平均值在30%左右；道路溝渠破損突出,近40%田間路與20%的溝渠需要維修；不同地區(qū)鄉(xiāng)村生態(tài)景觀現(xiàn)狀特征與變化驅(qū)動力存在顯著差異,大都市周邊鄉(xiāng)村建設(shè)用地?cái)U(kuò)張壓力巨大、地表過度硬化問題明顯,快速城鎮(zhèn)化地區(qū)鄉(xiāng)村地表過度硬化問題突出,傳統(tǒng)糧食生產(chǎn)區(qū)發(fā)展較為落后、各種建設(shè)形成的負(fù)面影響較弱、具有生態(tài)景觀建設(shè)的后發(fā)優(yōu)勢；線性植被建設(shè)在不增加土地利用壓力條件下,能提升喬木覆蓋率20%-46%、綠量0.5%-33.68%,成為當(dāng)前鄉(xiāng)村植被建設(shè)的優(yōu)化選擇。 5)通過參與式調(diào)查與評價(jià),發(fā)現(xiàn)農(nóng)戶與規(guī)劃專家在鄉(xiāng)村生態(tài)景觀規(guī)劃中具有顯著不同的利益訴求；農(nóng)戶所具備的鄉(xiāng)土知識能彌補(bǔ)專家知識的不足,完善規(guī)劃目標(biāo)制定與規(guī)劃方案優(yōu)化；當(dāng)前鄉(xiāng)村生態(tài)景觀建設(shè)的首要需求已經(jīng)從基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榄h(huán)境清潔與美化；小尺度生態(tài)景觀規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)中,注重從提升當(dāng)前生態(tài)空間的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)質(zhì)量、提高生態(tài)用地的生態(tài)效益、發(fā)揮更多生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)總量、加強(qiáng)生態(tài)過程維護(hù)與調(diào)控角度制定方案；規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)方案應(yīng)能平衡生產(chǎn)、生態(tài)與生活三方面發(fā)展,并保持耕地總量與質(zhì)量平衡,保障可行性。 6)探索并建立了綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施要求以及關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié),以充分考慮不同利益相關(guān)者、政策與發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略對規(guī)劃的限制與補(bǔ)充；明確了各階段的主要目標(biāo)、實(shí)施方法與途徑,同時(shí)簡述了工作重點(diǎn)與注意事項(xiàng)；為鄉(xiāng)村生態(tài)景觀規(guī)劃奠定了基礎(chǔ)與借鑒。
[Abstract]:The reasonable arrangement of land spatial pattern in large scale, perfect landscape pattern in small scale and to carry out the design and construction of ecological, strategic and practical needs of the construction of ecological civilization. The rural landscape covers a vast territory, is a regional and national sustainable development important support, to carry out research on the evaluation and planning methods of ecological village the landscape is an important way to promote and achieve this goal. Based on the municipal scale from the perspective of the development of multi function to promote the attention space structure, identification of rural ecological landscape characteristics in the village scale and explore the construction method, and combined with the research experience of municipal and village two scales discussed the key link of the construction.
1) in the ecological network planning in Beijing City, using the group concept and methods of ecological protection objectives, will be divided into three categories, including migratory birds, small forest birds and small forest mammals, to consider the protection requirements of most organisms; ecosystem needs, habitat requirements and short distance dispersal ability is three indicators according to the division of ecological group; habitat area, habitat patches demand as quantitative extraction basis, excluding invalid 1.15%-42.71% patches ranging; short distance dispersal ability as the decision threshold corridor planning requirements; minimum cost model is an effective way to quantify the corridor space planning; ecological difference network spatial structure of different ecological groups to protect the obvious ecological network for single species to bear the protection requirements of most organisms; the combination of ecological groups and the minimum cost model. Ecological network planning can improve the efficiency of biodiversity conservation.
2) the green infrastructure should be a comprehensive analysis of the social and economic development stage, the policy background and development strategy, the development demands of the relevant government departments, experts of different disciplines development views, several aspects of multi-functional space development needs to carry out the evaluation and planning in Shanghai city; from the spatial pattern optimization, biodiversity protection, water security, disaster prevention and the recreational development of the five core functions, the use of 14 indicators of functional evaluation; and formulated the development needs of the spatial pattern of the block, the implementation of green scale infrastructure planning and construction under the guidance of a green infrastructure planning; to support sustainable development in urban areas effectively.
3) in the multi functional space planning, some areas will have greater importance than in other areas of function type or function more; use function quantity, function degree and function implementation of the three factors together to build index evaluation space importance in different area identification in the multifunctional utility function of importance; the number and function of the degree of spatial distribution is not uniform, proved the existence of differences between different regions can play the function of quantity and degree; weight coefficient function can be implement identification among functions, try to consider multi function interaction space planning; space based on importance of multi function priority construction division, to arrange the space order planning and construction, enhance the efficiency of the construction function obtained.
4) small scale rural ecological landscape classification of planar and linear point, three landscape types, the use of land use, land cover, vegetation structure, hierarchical classification of landscape attribute data of four layer, combined with the high resolution remote sensing image, field surveying and mapping database. From the landscape present situation, trend and scenario analysis in the evaluation. Daxing, Quzhou and Changshu village display research area, the small scale of rural landscape homogenization, grid, landscape features gradually disappear; shelterbelt spacing is too wide, about 80% more than the standard main belt, about 30% more than the standard with the assistant belt; rate of 18%-38% fault protection forest incomplete; agricultural infrastructure has become the main surface hardening the ecological environment problems, excessive road hardening rate in the 30% average; the road ditches damaged prominent, nearly 40% field road and 20% ditches need maintenance; rural ecological landscape situation in different regions There are significant differences in driving force characteristics and changes in metropolitan periphery rural construction land expansion pressure, excessive surface hardening is obvious, the rapid urbanization of rural areas over the surface hardening problems, the development of traditional food production area is relatively backward, various construction form negative influence is weak, has the advantage of ecological landscape construction; linear vegetation construction no increase in land use pressure conditions, can improve the tree coverage rate of 20%-46%, the amount of green 0.5%-33.68%, become the current selection and optimization of rural vegetation construction.
5) through participatory investigation and evaluation, planning experts have found that farmers with different interests in the rural ecological landscape planning; lack of farmers with local knowledge can make up of expert knowledge, and make the optimization scheme to improve the planning objectives; primary needs the current rural ecological landscape construction has been changed from the infrastructure construction clean and beautify the environment; small scale ecological landscape planning and design, pay more attention to the quality of the ecological system to improve the current ecological space, improve the ecological benefits of the ecosystem, the ecosystem service total play more, strengthen the ecological maintenance plan and regulation process perspective; planning and design should be able to balance the three aspects of production, ecology and life development. And maintain the land quantity and quality balance, ensure the feasibility.
6) to explore and establish the green infrastructure requirements and key links, to fully consider the different stakeholders, and supplement to the planning restriction policy and development strategy; the main target of each stage, implementation method and the way, at the same time, the focus of the work and the matters needing attention; lay a foundation and reference for rural ecological landscape planning.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：P901;TU982.29

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