本文關(guān)鍵詞：某湖泊水中亞硝胺類消毒副產(chǎn)物前體物及其去除特性研究　出處：《清華大學》2014年博士論文　論文類型：學位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 亞硝胺 前體物 飲用水 臭氧/生物活性炭 微生物

【摘要】：飲用水氯胺消毒會產(chǎn)生具有強烈致癌性的新型消毒副產(chǎn)物亞硝胺,引起國內(nèi)外供水界的高度重視。本文對我國華東地區(qū)某湖泊水中亞硝胺生成特征、前體物、去除特性及機理進行了較為全面系統(tǒng)的研究。首次將極性快速分析法(PRAM)用于水源水亞硝胺前體物組分的解析,與傳統(tǒng)樹脂富集法相比,更為突出了前體物的帶電性特征,且操作簡便、結(jié)果可靠。該湖泊水中亞硝胺生成潛能(NAFP)較高(175-330ng/L),且呈現(xiàn)明顯季節(jié)變化,秋冬季較高,春季較低。亞硝胺前體物以小分子量(MW0.5k Da)、非極性弱極性、正電性組分為主,各組分分別占62.3%、60%和63.4%。與典型亞硝胺前體物(如二甲胺、雷尼替丁)性質(zhì)不同,該湖泊水中亞硝胺前體物主要以弱酸性物質(zhì)為主(61%),p H值越低呈電中性前體物越多,越易被C18固相萃取小柱吸附。采用小試與中試試驗開展凈水工藝去除亞硝胺前體物的研究,通過對處理過程中前體物各組分變化的解析,確定了混凝沉淀、臭氧氧化、生物活性炭的炭吸附和生物降解的去除效果、組分特征和作用機理。混凝沉淀可去除10-21.5%的前體物,主要是非極性弱極性組分;2mg/L臭氧能去除34.1%前體物,氧化主要去除非極性弱極性組分,對正負電組分沒有選擇性;投加足量活性炭幾乎可以100%地去除前體物,吸附對各組分都有去除,對極性組分去除稍弱;微生物降解約去除80%的亞硝胺前體物,主要是極性、帶正電組分。由于各有機物組分對亞硝胺生成都有貢獻,而不同工藝去除組分有所不同,因而采用組合工藝才能更為徹底地去除亞硝胺前體物,降低出廠水亞硝胺生成風險。運行初期,常規(guī)+臭氧/活性炭組合工藝能去除94%的亞硝胺前體物,最終出水中NAFP20ng/L,實際生成量2ng/L,運行1年后去除率降低至78%。炭池運行1年后對前體物去除率由89%降低至69%,主要由活性炭吸附性能下降引起;此時炭池去除的前體物中有58.5%通過生物作用去除,14.4%通過活性炭吸附去除,其余的既可能通過生物去除也可能通過活性炭吸附去除。炭池反沖洗能將亞硝胺前體物去除率由62%提高至80%。進一步研究生物作用去除亞硝胺前體物機理發(fā)現(xiàn)外加碳源可促進亞硝胺前體物的去除,外加氮源對其去除影響不大。因而,預氧化提高生物炭池進水有機物的可生物降解性有利于微生物共代謝去除亞硝胺前體物。采用分子生物學手段研究了亞硝胺前體物降解菌的微生物種群結(jié)構(gòu),發(fā)現(xiàn)變形菌、芽孢桿菌和鞘氨醇單胞菌可能是其主要降解菌。
[Abstract]:Chloramine disinfection in drinking water will produce a new disinfection by-product nitrosamine with strong carcinogenicity, which has attracted great attention from domestic and foreign water supply circles. In this paper, the characteristics and precursors of nitrosamine generation in a lake water in East China are discussed. The removal characteristics and mechanism of nitrosamines in source water were studied systematically and comprehensively. For the first time, the polarity rapid analytical method (PRAM) was used to analyze the components of nitrosamines precursor in source water, which was compared with the traditional resin enrichment method. The results show that the potential of NAFPs in the lake water is 175-330 ng / L ~ (-1) with obvious seasonal variation. In autumn and winter, it was higher than that in spring. The precursor of nitrosamine was small molecular weight (MW0.5k), non-polar weak polarity and positive electric component (62.3%). Different from typical nitrosamine precursors (such as dimethylamine, ranitidine), nitrosamines precursor in the lake water is mainly composed of weak acidic substances. The lower the pH value is, the more electrically neutral precursors can be adsorbed by C18 solid phase extraction column. The removal of nitrosamine precursors by water purification process was carried out in pilot and pilot experiments. The removal effects of coagulation precipitation, ozone oxidation, carbon adsorption and biodegradation of activated carbon were determined by analyzing the changes of precursor components in the treatment process. Coagulation precipitation can remove 10-21.5% of precursors, mainly non-polar weakly polar components. 2 mg / L ozone can remove 34.1% precursors, oxidation mainly removes non-polar weak polar components, and has no selectivity for positive and negative components. Adding sufficient amount of activated carbon can remove the precursor almost 100%, and the adsorption can remove the components of each component, but the removal of polar component is slightly weak. Microbial degradation of about 80% of nitrosamines precursors, mainly polarity, with positive components. Because each organic component has a contribution to nitrosamine formation, but different removal process components are different. Therefore, the combined process can remove the nitrosamine precursor more thoroughly and reduce the risk of nitrosamine formation in the factory water. In the early stage of operation, the conventional ozone / activated carbon combination process can remove 94% of the nitrosamines precursor. Finally, NAFP 20ng / L, actual output 2 ng / L, the removal rate decreased to 78% after one year of operation, and the removal rate of precursors decreased from 89% to 69% after one year of operation of the carbon pool. It is mainly caused by the decrease of the adsorption property of activated carbon. At this time, 58.5% of the precursors removed by the carbon pool were removed by biological action. 14. 4% of the precursors were removed by activated carbon adsorption. The others can be removed by biological or activated carbon adsorption. The removal rate of nitrosamine precursor can be increased from 62% to 80 by backwashing of carbon pool. Further study on biological action removal of nitrosamine precursor machine. It was found that the addition of carbon source could promote the removal of nitrosamine precursors. The addition of nitrogen source has little effect on its removal. Pre-oxidation can improve the biodegradability of influent organic matter in biochar tank. The microbial population structure of nitrosamine precursor degradation bacteria was studied by molecular biological method. Proteus, Bacillus and sphingomonas may be the main degrading bacteria.
【學位授予單位】：清華大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：TU991.2

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