本文關(guān)鍵詞：東楮島村海草房營(yíng)造工藝研究　出處：《山東大學(xué)》2014年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 海草房 傳統(tǒng)民居 建筑藝術(shù) 營(yíng)造工藝 結(jié)構(gòu)

【摘要】：論文選題以山東省榮成市寧津街道東楮島村的海草房為典型個(gè)案,通過(guò)對(duì)村落沿革、建筑形制、營(yíng)造工藝、起居文化、生活習(xí)俗、室內(nèi)陳設(shè)與家具等具體內(nèi)容進(jìn)行分析,闡釋海洋文化和漁村起居文化對(duì)海草房營(yíng)造法則的影響。選題采用社會(huì)學(xué)、人類學(xué)、建筑學(xué)、民藝學(xué)、古建筑測(cè)繪學(xué)等研究方法,深入剖析海草房建筑結(jié)構(gòu)和東楮島村的歷史人文境遇。論文的研究目的在于：海草房營(yíng)造工藝是我國(guó)傳統(tǒng)民居建筑文化的重要內(nèi)容,以苫作、石作和木作為代表的傳統(tǒng)手工藝具有地域性匠作特征,體現(xiàn)了膠東地區(qū)民間技藝的審美特質(zhì)。苫作技術(shù)是一門古老的營(yíng)造法則,選擇海草進(jìn)行屋面苫作亦是漁村文化的特殊顯現(xiàn)形式。因此,研究海草房的苫作手藝不僅具有歷史價(jià)值和審美價(jià)值,而且從這門技藝的傳承脈絡(luò)中能夠獲得具有民族精神的手工文化價(jià)值。研究海草房營(yíng)造工藝所具有的手藝原理和人文思想,亦將為我國(guó)現(xiàn)代建筑營(yíng)造技術(shù)和規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)帶來(lái)借鑒意義。 研究東楮島村落的海草房營(yíng)造法則和傳統(tǒng)村落文化,對(duì)于我國(guó)現(xiàn)代建筑設(shè)計(jì)和非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)有著重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。目前,在城鎮(zhèn)化建設(shè)過(guò)程中如東楮島村這類具有悠久歷史和起居文化的傳統(tǒng)村落,業(yè)已瀕臨消亡。因此,本文認(rèn)為以東楮島為代表的村落是我國(guó)民間文化生態(tài)的寶貴遺產(chǎn),對(duì)其進(jìn)行搶救和保護(hù)工作迫在眉睫。提出保護(hù)傳統(tǒng)海草房民居建筑的觀點(diǎn)：既不可割裂歷史一味求新,更不可固步自封因循守舊般對(duì)待,探尋彼此之間的最佳契合點(diǎn)應(yīng)該是繼承傳統(tǒng)文化的途徑。 本文主要通過(guò)四個(gè)方面對(duì)海草房營(yíng)造工藝進(jìn)行研究：空間結(jié)構(gòu)與功能、海巖石料墻體制作、木作工藝和苫作手藝,并根據(jù)每個(gè)營(yíng)造環(huán)節(jié)提出以下觀點(diǎn)： 第一,東楮島村傳統(tǒng)海草房建筑空間符合北方民居宅院的營(yíng)造原則,以四合院為單元縱橫有致的構(gòu)成聚落形態(tài)。為了適應(yīng)三面環(huán)海的島嶼生活域境,海草房的空間營(yíng)造必須滿足漁業(yè)生產(chǎn)和依海而居的“宜用”原則。此外,山東地區(qū)傳統(tǒng)的歷史文化和人文背景對(duì)村落居住空間的形成產(chǎn)生了重要影響,“東為大”、“正房”、“子山午向”等禮制空間觀念充分融入到營(yíng)造思想之中。海草房的空間形態(tài)和結(jié)構(gòu)往往帶有濃郁的倫理特征和禮制原則。 第二,海草房石作用材具有顯著的海洋文化特征,毗鄰桑溝灣海域的大量海巖被開發(fā)使用,成為建筑的主要原料。石匠們按照建筑用材的規(guī)格處理墻體石料,用簡(jiǎn)陋的斧鑿釘錘修整石料。置身于東楮島村中心地帶,東西橫向排列的北街、中街、南街,與南北交錯(cuò)的西街形成村落布局整齊的規(guī)劃效果。每一條古街的趨勢(shì)筆直寬敞,矗立兩旁的海草房建筑山墻彼此緊緊連接,使村內(nèi)多年以來(lái)沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)其他街道或者胡同。這類村落布局特征形成的主要原因在于建筑的排列和營(yíng)造方式,而東楮島村民稱海草房山墻連接的方式為“伙山”或“接山”。海草房建筑墻體的表面很少有裝飾,從海草屋面到“墻根”一切皆“取法自然”。海草屋面的修飾唯有梳理和壓脊,而墻面依靠石料組砌形成的自然紋路,樸實(shí)自然是海草房建筑的審美特征。不過(guò),通過(guò)細(xì)致的測(cè)繪和觀察,在墻體表面也可以尋找到一兩件具有功能的裝飾附件,如“盤子”、“驢馬樁”、“門窗口飾”等等。這些依附于建筑的構(gòu)件不僅僅是為了增加美的修飾,還具有滿足生活起居過(guò)程中的使用價(jià)值。 第三,海草房建筑體系的承力結(jié)構(gòu)以石作為主,屋面結(jié)構(gòu)以苫作為主,木作僅占較小的比例。海草房的梁架檁脊結(jié)構(gòu)屬于大木作,其余皆為不承重的小木作,諸如門窗、隔斷、家具等。然而,海草屋面形態(tài)卻完全由木作構(gòu)成,更重要的是,木質(zhì)材料專門作為海草房建筑受力結(jié)構(gòu)的承上啟下部件。東楮島村木作匠人流傳著這樣一條原則,木作結(jié)構(gòu)在建筑中的作用就像魚的骨骼,連接所有功能和結(jié)構(gòu)部件。海草房木作系統(tǒng)包括“好漢子”、“八字木”、“脊梁桿子”、“印”和“腰桿子”,這是在民間傳播文化語(yǔ)境中形成的匠作術(shù)語(yǔ)。作為一種技術(shù)語(yǔ)言,尤其是相關(guān)受眾起居生活的符號(hào)模式,應(yīng)該具備兩種傳播的途徑。首要途徑是在匠人中達(dá)到通識(shí),榮成地區(qū)民間匠作在木作體系內(nèi)的稱謂具有地方性或鄉(xiāng)土性的特征,同時(shí)亦具備整個(gè)山東甚至北方區(qū)域的營(yíng)造色彩。匠作需要“則例”,即通用的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),能夠論證標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的語(yǔ)言概念符號(hào)必須明確、易懂、通用,甚至具備較強(qiáng)的可持續(xù)性。這種情況在現(xiàn)代建筑語(yǔ)言模式里相當(dāng)普遍,無(wú)論是水泥混凝土攪拌作業(yè),還是鋼筋焊接技術(shù)工,在機(jī)械化施工過(guò)程中必須貫徹建筑力學(xué)、結(jié)構(gòu)部件或物理化學(xué)安裝概念的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)術(shù)語(yǔ)。同現(xiàn)代建筑相比,傳統(tǒng)建筑語(yǔ)言在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和術(shù)語(yǔ)的界定上更加強(qiáng)調(diào)本土性和民族性。 第四,東楮島村海草房的屋面廓型呈不規(guī)則曲線狀,屋脊處兩端高聳,脊線以下弦弧形為軌跡,遠(yuǎn)看整體線型的結(jié)構(gòu)流暢自然。若選擇不同視點(diǎn)觀察,以東西山墻的側(cè)面為觀察視角,屋面為等腰三角形結(jié)構(gòu),尖聳直上；以南北軸線為觀察視角,屋面為圓弧曲線稍顯下垂結(jié)構(gòu),且具有明顯大于墻面高度的比例關(guān)系。此外,坐北朝向東南方向的傳統(tǒng)海草房整齊劃一,依序排列在古街道兩旁,彼此屋面連貫成一體,組成節(jié)奏感極強(qiáng)的曲線波動(dòng),顯現(xiàn)出膠東漁村建筑特有的形式美感。榮成地區(qū)傳統(tǒng)匠作稱這種屋面的制作方法為“苫房子”,即苫作,匠人拉海草作為房頂?shù)闹饕牧?利用手工梳理、擠壓、拍實(shí),形成“人字坡”狀的特殊屋面結(jié)構(gòu)。苫作手藝是海草房民居建筑營(yíng)造過(guò)程中至關(guān)重要的環(huán)節(jié),不僅創(chuàng)造出屋面優(yōu)美自然的曲線形態(tài),而且是建筑“避風(fēng)雨”、“御寒暑”功能實(shí)現(xiàn)的主要因素。 東楮島村海草房是山東沿海地區(qū)傳統(tǒng)民居建筑的典型樣式,它既是我國(guó)傳統(tǒng)營(yíng)造工藝的技術(shù)成果,亦是本土海洋文化的物質(zhì)顯現(xiàn)。海草房建筑營(yíng)造以其特有的空間功能規(guī)劃、布置經(jīng)營(yíng)觀念、選材用料原則、工藝傳承經(jīng)驗(yàn)等內(nèi)容,顯現(xiàn)出漁村文化和鄉(xiāng)土社會(huì)的審美思想。山東民居營(yíng)造技術(shù)有著悠久的歷史淵源,從《考工記》到《齊民要術(shù)》齊魯文化重視對(duì)各類科學(xué)技術(shù)進(jìn)行理論總結(jié),形成規(guī)章制度延續(xù)至今。山東民居融合大江南北的歷史風(fēng)格,其空間形制、建造技藝、尺度比例、結(jié)構(gòu)裝飾等營(yíng)造細(xì)節(jié)皆以義理為垂范,蘊(yùn)含深厚的禮制文化底蘊(yùn)。 通過(guò)調(diào)研發(fā)現(xiàn),東楮島村面臨的現(xiàn)實(shí)問(wèn)題是如何處理現(xiàn)代生活方式與承繼傳統(tǒng)文化的矛盾。漁民的后代們建立了現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)關(guān)系,加快了村子起居生活的節(jié)奏。具備遠(yuǎn)洋能力的大型機(jī)械漁船代替了“趕小海”的小舢板；采用復(fù)合養(yǎng)殖方式生產(chǎn)海參、海帶、紫菜等產(chǎn)業(yè)代替了捕撈野生海參、扇貝和海草；以家族或個(gè)人進(jìn)行漁業(yè)生產(chǎn)的組織方式被集團(tuán)化、公司化、鏈?zhǔn)阶鳂I(yè)所替代,老村落后的設(shè)施已不能滿足產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展需求；現(xiàn)代交通運(yùn)輸業(yè)和城鄉(xiāng)差異的減少,促使村落格局和原住民狀況發(fā)生變化；村內(nèi)老齡化和青壯年勞力流失問(wèn)題嚴(yán)重；地產(chǎn)業(yè)的浪潮強(qiáng)烈沖擊著環(huán)海小島,土地開發(fā)利用策略迫使傳統(tǒng)建筑走向被拆除的命運(yùn)。這些問(wèn)題不僅存在于東楮島,也是我國(guó)眾多傳統(tǒng)村落面臨的生存威脅。論文最后章節(jié)根據(jù)實(shí)地考察獲得的數(shù)據(jù)和資料,以東楮島村的保護(hù)和發(fā)展為例,探析我國(guó)城鎮(zhèn)化建設(shè)進(jìn)程中傳統(tǒng)村落文化的現(xiàn)狀,并針對(duì)其中存在的客觀矛盾提出解決方案。
[Abstract]:The thesis takes Shandong province Rongcheng city Ningjin Street East Mulberry Shimamura seaweed house as a typical case, the village history, building structure, construction technology, living culture, life custom, interior furnishings and furniture and other specific content analysis, interpretation of marine culture and living culture village building laws. The influence on the real social topics of seaweed science, anthropology, architecture, folklore, ancient building surveying and mapping and other research methods, in-depth analysis of the seaweed house building structure and the historical situation of East Mulberry Shimamura. The purpose of the study is to create a real process: seaweed is an important content of traditional architecture culture in China, to cover, stone and wood as the representative of the regional traditional handicraft artisan features, embodies the aesthetic characteristics of folk art in Jiaodong. With technology is one of the oldest building laws of the roof cover, selection of seaweed is also made of fish The special manifestation of village culture. Therefore, the research of the seaweed house as thatch technology not only has historical value and aesthetic value, but also from the art heritage context can be obtained with the national spirit and cultural value. The research manual is the process to create real seaweed craft principle and humanism, will also be a reference for our country modern construction technology and planning design.
Study on the Island Village East Mulberry seaweed house building laws and traditional village culture, has important practical significance for China's modern architectural design and the protection of intangible cultural heritage. At present, in the urbanization process of Rudong mulberry Shimamura this has a long history and culture of the traditional village living, has been on the verge of extinction. Therefore, the East Mulberry island as the representative of the village is the precious heritage of our country folk cultural ecology, carries on the rescue and protection work is imminent. The protection of traditional seaweed houses architecture point of view: not only can not be separated from history to pursue a new, but can not rest on its laurels conservative treated like to find the best fit point, between each other should be is the inheritance of the traditional culture of the way.
This paper mainly through the process of creating the seaweed house in four aspects: spatial structure and function, Hai Yan stone wall, wooden craft and tarpaulin for technology, and put forward the following views according to each link of construction:
First, East Mulberry Shimamura traditional architectural space in accordance with the principle of construction of seaweed houses in northern residential courtyards, courtyard is the unit of aspect has caused settlement. In order to island life area surrounded on three sides by the adaptation, seaweed house spatial construction must meet the fishery production and under the sea in the "appropriate" principle. In addition, Shandong area of traditional historical culture and cultural background has important influence on the formation of the village residential space, "East", "folk", "hill to the afternoon" ritual space concept is fully integrated into the thoughts of construction. The space form and structure of seaweed houses with rich ethical characteristics and often etiquette principle.
Second, the seaweed house stone material has obvious characteristics of marine culture, a large number of Hai Yan adjacent to the Sanggou Bay was developed, become the main raw material of the building. The masons in accordance with the specifications of wall building materials of stone, with a simple axe hammer dressing stone. In the center of East mulberry Shimamura, transversely arranged things North Street, street, South Street, the formation of the effect of planning the layout of the village neat and North South staggered West. Each street trend straight and spacious, stands on both sides of the seaweed house building gable is tightly connected each other, since the village for many years without other streets or alleys. The main reason for the formation of the layout of the village lies in the construction of the arrangement and characteristics to create a way to the East Mulberry Island villagers said the sea cottage connection "Gang gable mountain" or "the mountain". There is little decoration surface seaweed house building wall, roof from seaweed "The wall" all "natural law". The only comb and modified seaweed roof pressure ridge, and stone masonry walls on group formation of a natural texture, simple and natural aesthetic features of seaweed house buildings. However, through careful mapping and observation in the wall surface can also find one or two functions the accessories, such as "dishes", "donkey," post "windows garnished" and so on. These components attached to the building is not only to increase the beauty of the modification, and also satisfies the daily life in the process of use value.
Third, the seaweed house building system with stone as the main load-bearing structure, roof structure with straw as the main wood, only a small proportion. Beam purlin ridge structure belongs to the seaweed house timber, the rest are not bearing the small wood, such as windows and doors, partition, furniture and so on. However, the seaweed roof is completely form the wood structure, more importantly, wood materials used exclusively for housing construction by connecting parts of seagrass structure. East Mulberry Shimamura wood carpenter people with such a principle, the wooden structures in the construction of the role as fish bones, connecting all the structure and function of real wood components. Seaweed system includes "good for man", "eight wood", "backbone pole", "Yin" and "back", which was formed in the spread of folk culture in the context of the artisan terms. As a technical language, especially the audience related sign pattern in daily life, should be out By way of two propagation. The first way is to general craftsmen, folk craftsman in Rongcheng region in the wood in the system has the characteristics of appellation local or vernacular, but also have to create a color throughout the Shandong area. Even the North need to "rule", carpenter for the standard, to the concept of language the standard symbol argument must be clear, easy to understand, universal, even with strong sustainability. This situation is quite common in modern architectural language mode, both the cement concrete mixing operation, or steel welding technology, in the course of mechanized construction must carry out construction mechanics, the concept of the standard terminology installation structure components or physical chemistry. Compared with modern architecture, the traditional architectural language in defining the standard terminology and more emphasis on local and national characteristics.
Fourth, the roof profile of East Sea mulberry Shimamura cottage irregular curved roof at both ends of high ridge line following string arc trajectory, far see the overall line structure of the natural flow. If choose a different view to observe, to the side of East-West gable roof as the viewing angle, isosceles triangle structure, the large tip straight on the north-south axis; as the viewing angle, the roof arc curve slightly drooping structure, and has significantly greater than the wall height ratio. In addition, sitting north to the southeast of the traditional seaweed room tidy, arranged in the ancient streets in sequence, each roof coherent body, composed of a strong sense of rhythm curve fluctuations. Show the form beauty of Jiaodong fishing village building specific. The traditional carpenter Rongcheng region production method called the "roof thatch house", namely thatch, artisan seaweed as the main material of the roof pulled by hand, comb, squeeze Pressure, compacting, special roof structure of the formation of the "herringbone slope" shape. For thatch seaweed houses construction craft is the most important link in the process, not only to create a beautiful natural curve shape roof, and is building "shelter", "the main factors of the Royal" function.
East Mulberry Shimamura sea cottage is a typical pattern of traditional residential buildings in the coastal areas of Shandong. It is our traditional technology to create a process, is also the local marine culture building to appear. Seaweed houses its unique functional space planning, layout management concepts, principles of selection of materials, craft heritage experience content, showing the aesthetic thought of village culture and local society. Shandong residential construction technology has a long history, from the test work to record < > and < > QiminYaoshu of Qilu culture takes the theory summary of all kinds of science and technology, the formation of rules and regulations so far. Shandong houses the fusion on both sides of the Changjiang River style of history, its space form, construction techniques, the scale structure, decoration and other construction details are significance as an example, the profound etiquette culture.
The research shows that the problems facing East Mulberry Shimamura is how to deal with the contradiction between the modern life style and inheriting the traditional culture. The descendants of fishermen set up modern production relations, accelerate the village living rhythm. Have the ability of ocean fishing of large machinery instead of "catch the sea" sampan; using compound aquaculture production sea cucumber, kelp, seaweed and other industries instead of catching wild sea cucumber, seaweed and Scallop in Shell; with family or individual fishery production organization by the group, the company, replaced by the chain operation, behind the old village facilities have been unable to meet the needs of industrial development; reduce the modern transportation industry and the difference between urban and rural areas, promote the village pattern and the change of aboriginal village; aging and young labor turnover problem is serious; the industry tide strongly impact on the sea island, land development With the strategy of forcing traditional architecture towards the fate of being demolished. These problems not only exist in the East Mulberry Island, is also China's many traditional villages are facing threats to survival. The last chapter according to the obtained data and on-the-spot investigation data, the protection and development of mulberry Shimamura as an example, the present situation of traditional village culture in the process of urbanization in our country in, and for which the objective contradiction existing solutions are put forward.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：TU241.4
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本文編號(hào)：1406519