【摘要】：改革開(kāi)放以來(lái),我國(guó)制造業(yè)取得了巨大的成就,不僅在拓展外資上取得一定的成效,還充分利用了國(guó)外先進(jìn)的管理經(jīng)驗(yàn)和制造技術(shù),通過(guò)發(fā)揮我國(guó)勞動(dòng)力相對(duì)較低的比較優(yōu)勢(shì),使我國(guó)制造業(yè)得到進(jìn)一步的發(fā)展,這不僅加強(qiáng)了我國(guó)制造業(yè)在國(guó)際上的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力,同時(shí)也使我國(guó)制造業(yè)成為推進(jìn)我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的中堅(jiān)力量。然而,自2004年以來(lái),受勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)供求關(guān)系的變化以及人口紅利逐漸消失的影響,我國(guó)勞動(dòng)力成本不斷提高,從而導(dǎo)致制造業(yè)成本逐年提高,以致使建立在低勞動(dòng)成本上的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)降低、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力受到極大的影響。根據(jù)相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),2004年以前,我國(guó)勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)一直供大于求,加上經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展緩慢,農(nóng)民工工資一直處于增長(zhǎng)停滯期,以2004年為分水嶺,同時(shí)隨著對(duì)外開(kāi)放,勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的供求關(guān)系格局發(fā)生了較大的變化,“劉易斯拐點(diǎn)”出現(xiàn),農(nóng)民工工資迅速上升。從2004至2014年,十年間農(nóng)民工工資年均增長(zhǎng)率為11%,這使得制造業(yè)成本不斷提升,并給制造業(yè)發(fā)展帶來(lái)極大的壓力。特別是近幾年,受全球金融危機(jī)的影響,我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)入了新常態(tài),經(jīng)濟(jì)下行壓力加大,市場(chǎng)有效需求不足,產(chǎn)能過(guò)剩問(wèn)題突出,招工就業(yè)更是兩難,致使許多企業(yè)生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)極為困難。一些經(jīng)營(yíng)困難的企業(yè)為了緩解經(jīng)營(yíng)壓力,會(huì)通過(guò)安排職工歇業(yè)或下崗來(lái)降低經(jīng)營(yíng)成本;一些企業(yè)會(huì)通過(guò)采用機(jī)器生產(chǎn),減少人工成本,被迫進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)型升級(jí);還有一些企業(yè)則會(huì)向東南亞等人工成本比較低的國(guó)家轉(zhuǎn)移,這些行為都會(huì)給國(guó)內(nèi)的就業(yè)穩(wěn)定帶來(lái)一定的影響,同時(shí)也會(huì)給企業(yè)職工工資合理增長(zhǎng)帶來(lái)較大的負(fù)面影響。勞動(dòng)力成本增加,許多企業(yè)都難以承受,為了改善企業(yè)的用工成本,國(guó)家在2015年底中央經(jīng)濟(jì)工作會(huì)議上提出,要想提高企業(yè)供給體系的質(zhì)量和效率,就要加強(qiáng)結(jié)構(gòu)性改革,。供給側(cè)改革的重大任務(wù)之一是要降低成本,而降成本的關(guān)鍵是要降低企業(yè)用工成本、制度性交易成本及其他成本。企業(yè)成本包括許多方面,但就用工成本來(lái)看,主要包括職工工資、養(yǎng)老、醫(yī)保等各種成本費(fèi)用。那么,降成本應(yīng)該怎么降?特別是用工成本該怎么降,到底降哪些成本?值得注意的是,多年來(lái),在企業(yè)初次分配中,資本主導(dǎo)的收入分配格局一直沒(méi)有變。企業(yè)工資增長(zhǎng)機(jī)制不健全,工資集體協(xié)商制度作用有限,企業(yè)多年不漲工資、甚至壓低工資的現(xiàn)象普遍存在,除此之外,行業(yè)差異也會(huì)導(dǎo)致工資分配不均,工資增長(zhǎng)也存在差異。顯然,在企業(yè)降成本和職工工資增長(zhǎng)之間,如何把握好“度”,這確實(shí)是一個(gè)值得我們研究的重要問(wèn)題。本文主要采用的是理論研究與實(shí)證研究相結(jié)合的研究方法。通過(guò)學(xué)習(xí)總結(jié)以前學(xué)者們關(guān)于影響工資增長(zhǎng)的因素和如何構(gòu)建合理工資增長(zhǎng)機(jī)制,同時(shí)結(jié)合工資決定理論和影響人工成本的因素,根據(jù)自己搜集的相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù),建立合理的實(shí)證分析模型。為了確保數(shù)據(jù)的權(quán)威性和穩(wěn)定性,在數(shù)據(jù)選取方面,全部選用國(guó)家年鑒或官方渠道發(fā)布的權(quán)威進(jìn)行分析。在理論與實(shí)際相結(jié)合的基礎(chǔ)上,最終通過(guò)歸納總結(jié),得出要從完善勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)、提高勞動(dòng)者素質(zhì)等方面促進(jìn)工資合理增長(zhǎng)。
[Abstract]:Since the reform and opening up, China's manufacturing industry has made tremendous achievements. It has not only made certain achievements in expanding foreign capital, but also made full use of foreign advanced management experience and manufacturing technology. By giving full play to the comparative advantage of China's relatively low labor force, China's manufacturing industry has been further developed, which not only strengthens China's manufacturing industry. However, since 2004, due to the change of supply and demand in the labor market and the gradual disappearance of the demographic dividend, China's labor costs have been increasing continuously, resulting in the increase of manufacturing costs year by year, so that the manufacturing industry has become the backbone of China's economic development. According to relevant statistics, before 2004, China's labor market has been oversupply of demand, coupled with the slow economic development, the wages of migrant workers have been stagnating in the growth period, with 2004 as a watershed, and with the opening up of the labor market supply and demand pattern. Great changes have taken place, and the "Lewis turning point" has brought about a rapid rise in the wages of migrant workers. From 2004 to 2014, the average annual wage growth rate of migrant workers was 11%. This has made manufacturing costs rising and brought great pressure to the development of manufacturing industry. Especially in recent years, China's economy has entered a new era under the influence of the global financial crisis. In order to alleviate the pressure of economic downturn, some enterprises will reduce their operating costs by arranging workers to close down or lay off their jobs; some enterprises will adopt machine production. Some enterprises will transfer to countries with lower labor costs, such as Southeast Asia. These behaviors will bring about certain effects on the stability of employment in China, but also have a greater negative impact on the reasonable growth of employees'wages. In order to bear, in order to improve the labor cost of enterprises, the central economic work conference at the end of 2015 put forward, in order to improve the quality and efficiency of the enterprise supply system, we must strengthen structural reform. Cost and other costs. Enterprise costs include many aspects, but in terms of labor costs, mainly including wages, pension, medical insurance and other costs. So, how to reduce costs? Especially how to reduce labor costs, in the end what costs? It is worth noting that, over the years, in the initial distribution of enterprises, capital-led income. Income distribution pattern has not changed. Enterprise wage growth mechanism is not sound, the role of wage collective bargaining system is limited, enterprises do not raise wages for many years, and even the phenomenon of low wages is widespread. In addition, industry differences will also lead to uneven wage distribution, wage growth is also different. Obviously, in enterprises to reduce costs and wage growth of workers. How to grasp the "degree" is really an important issue worthy of our study. This paper mainly uses the research method of combining theoretical research with empirical research. Through learning and summarizing the previous scholars on the factors affecting wage growth and how to build a reasonable wage growth mechanism, while combining wage determination theory and wage determination theory. In order to ensure the authoritativeness and stability of the data, the authority of the national Yearbook or the official channel is chosen to analyze all the factors affecting the labor cost. Based on the combination of theory and practice, the conclusion is drawn by summing up the conclusion. We should promote reasonable wage growth from improving the labor market and improving the quality of workers.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：湖北工業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：F425;F272.92

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