【摘要】：德國(guó)的煤炭資源十分豐富,是世界主要煤炭生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)國(guó)家之一,在歷史上,煤炭產(chǎn)業(yè)對(duì)德國(guó)"黃金年代"的經(jīng)濟(jì)奇跡做出巨大貢獻(xiàn)。2011年日本福島核事件之后,德國(guó)政府決定2022年之前全面關(guān)停所有境內(nèi)核電站,煤電成為保證德國(guó)電力穩(wěn)定供應(yīng)的重要保障,2014年德國(guó)發(fā)電量中百分之四十為煤電。值此之際,德國(guó)卻在2015年提出逐步退出煤炭使用的計(jì)劃,無(wú)論在德國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)或是在國(guó)際上均引起熱議。本文研究的課題是德國(guó)的棄煤政策,研究重點(diǎn)集中在三個(gè)層面:一是從經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治和技術(shù)這三個(gè)角度考察棄煤政策提出的背景,分析影響德國(guó)退煤決定的因素。二是探究德國(guó)棄煤政策下的可行措施及其對(duì)德國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響。三是明確德國(guó)社會(huì)各界對(duì)該項(xiàng)能源政策的態(tài)度,并在上述研究的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)德國(guó)的煤炭政策作出總體評(píng)價(jià)。鑒于政策研究的跨學(xué)科性,本文將研究視角限定在經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)范疇,具體來(lái)說(shuō),綜合了能源經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué),微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)分析。在研究方法上,本文主要采用文獻(xiàn)分析法和比較分析法。本文從能源經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)理論出發(fā),首先對(duì)德國(guó)煤炭市場(chǎng)的現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行詳盡分析,聚焦于德國(guó)褐煤和硬煤市場(chǎng)的供給結(jié)構(gòu)、需求結(jié)構(gòu)以及價(jià)格構(gòu)成,在此基礎(chǔ)上從經(jīng)濟(jì),政治和技術(shù)三個(gè)角度探究德國(guó)棄煤政策的出臺(tái)背景,主要包括化石能源的資源有限性、煤炭開(kāi)采和使用的外部不經(jīng)濟(jì)性、煤電與德國(guó)氣候目標(biāo)的矛盾性以及二氧化碳捕集技術(shù)的失敗等因素。德國(guó)棄煤政策下可行措施的分析,立足于美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家埃莉諾·奧斯特羅姆的"多中心治理"理論,從三個(gè)層面開(kāi)展,一是歐洲層面,在這一層面上碳排放交易體制發(fā)揮著重要作用,二是國(guó)家層面,德國(guó)政府在歐洲碳排放交易框架下提出了各項(xiàng)補(bǔ)充措施,其中包括引入碳排放權(quán)的最低價(jià)格,引入氣候保護(hù)稅,立法規(guī)范,提高能源利用效率,擴(kuò)建電網(wǎng)等措施,三是地方層面,重點(diǎn)措施是逐步停運(yùn)德國(guó)褐煤礦區(qū)的燃煤發(fā)電廠。棄煤政策的實(shí)施對(duì)德國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響主要體現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面:第一,德國(guó)的碳排放量將大量減少,有利于實(shí)現(xiàn)德國(guó)制定的氣候目標(biāo);第二,發(fā)電成本增加,能源企業(yè)負(fù)擔(dān)加重;第三,電價(jià)上漲,家庭用戶(hù)負(fù)擔(dān)加重;鑒于德國(guó)硬煤產(chǎn)業(yè)的式微和褐煤產(chǎn)業(yè)中勞動(dòng)力的年齡結(jié)構(gòu),棄煤政策對(duì)德國(guó)的整體就業(yè)不會(huì)產(chǎn)生很大影響。然而目前德國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)各界對(duì)該項(xiàng)政策的意見(jiàn)不一,筆者對(duì)其進(jìn)行了總結(jié),并闡述了自己的看法。作為一項(xiàng)能源政策,棄煤政策雖有利于實(shí)現(xiàn)德國(guó)三大能源目標(biāo)中環(huán)保性這一目標(biāo),卻是以犧牲另兩項(xiàng)能源目標(biāo)為代價(jià),即能源的供應(yīng)安全性和經(jīng)濟(jì)性。一方面,煤炭相較于石油、天然氣以及可再生能源價(jià)格較為低廉,棄煤無(wú)疑會(huì)增加能源消費(fèi)成本;另一方面,煤炭是德國(guó)本土最豐富的礦產(chǎn)資源,其他化石能源大部分依賴(lài)于從國(guó)外進(jìn)口,而目前德國(guó)的可再生能源發(fā)展尚不成熟,難以填補(bǔ)棄煤引起的能源供給缺口,因而棄煤不利于德國(guó)的能源供應(yīng)安全。由此筆者認(rèn)為,棄煤政策并非德國(guó)應(yīng)對(duì)環(huán)境和氣候問(wèn)題的最佳解決方案。以上對(duì)德國(guó)棄煤政策的探討研究有助于全面深入了解該項(xiàng)能源政策,同時(shí)對(duì)于我國(guó)如何持續(xù)、健康地發(fā)展能源經(jīng)濟(jì)也有一定參考價(jià)值。
[Abstract]:German coal resources are very rich, it is one of the world's major coal production and consumption countries. In history, the coal industry made a great contribution to the economic miracle of the "golden age" in Germany. After the.2011 nuclear event in Japan, the German government decided to shut down all the domestic nuclear power stations before 2022, and coal electricity became a guarantee for the stability of the German power. The important guarantee for the fixed supply is that forty per cent of the German power generation in 2014 is coal electricity. On the occasion of this, Germany put forward a plan to step out of coal use gradually in 2015, both in Germany and in the world. The topic of this study is the German coal abandonment policy, focusing on three levels: one is from the economy, In the three angles of politics and technology, we examine the background of the coal abandoning policy and analyze the factors that affect the German coal withdrawal decision. Two is to explore the feasible measures under the German coal abandoning policy and its influence on the German economy. Three is to clarify the attitude of the German community to this energy policy, and on the basis of the above study, the coal policy of Germany In view of the interdisciplinary nature of the policy research, this paper defines the perspective of the study in the economic category, in particular, the integration of energy economics, microeconomics and political economic analysis. In the study method, the paper mainly adopts the method of literature analysis and comparative analysis. The present situation of the national coal market is analyzed in detail, focusing on the supply structure, demand structure and price composition of the German lignite and hard coal market, and on the basis of the three angles of economy, politics and technology, to explore the background of the German coal abandoning policy, mainly including the limited resources of fossil energy resources, the external non classics of coal mining and use. The analysis of the feasible measures under the German coal abandoning policy, based on the "multi center governance" theory of American economist Eleanor Ostrom, is carried out from three levels, one is the European level, and the carbon emission trading system at this level. It plays an important role, two is the national level, and the German government has put forward various supplementary measures under the framework of carbon emissions trading in Europe, including the lowest price of carbon emission, the introduction of climate protection tax, the legislative norms, the improvement of energy efficiency, the expansion of the grid and other measures. The three is the local level, the key measure is to stop the German browning step by step. Coal fired power plants in coal mining area. The effect of coal abandoning policy on the German economy is mainly reflected in the following aspects: first, the carbon emissions in Germany will be reduced greatly, which is conducive to the realization of the climate targets set by Germany; second, the cost of generating electricity is increased, the burden on energy enterprises is heavier; third, the price of electricity is rising, and the burden of family users is aggravated; Jian Yude The decline of the hard coal industry and the age structure of the labor force in the lignite industry, the policy of abandoning coal will not have a great impact on the overall employment of Germany. However, at present, all walks of life in Germany have different views on this policy. In Germany, the goal of environmental protection in the three major energy targets is to sacrifice another two energy targets, namely, the safety and economy of energy supply. On the one hand, coal is less expensive than oil, natural gas and renewable energy. Coal abandoning coal will undoubtedly increase the cost of energy consumption; on the other hand, coal is the most abundant in Germany. The rich mineral resources and other fossil fuels are largely dependent on imported from abroad, but the development of renewable energy in Germany is not yet mature, and it is difficult to fill the gap of energy supply caused by abandoning coal. Therefore, abandoning coal is not conducive to the safety of energy supply in Germany. Therefore, the author believes that the policy of abandoning coal is not the best for Germany to deal with environmental and climate problems. The solution. The above study of the German coal abandoning policy will help to understand the energy policy comprehensively and thoroughly, and also have some reference value for our country to continue and develop the energy economy in a healthy way.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：F416.2

【相似文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前10條

1 湯志娟;;我國(guó)能源經(jīng)濟(jì)淺述及發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略[J];能源與環(huán)境;2007年06期

2 天工;;中國(guó)能源經(jīng)濟(jì)回顧與展望[J];天然氣工業(yè);2010年02期

3 本刊編輯部;;國(guó)家能源局發(fā)布一季度全國(guó)能源經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)[J];中國(guó)能源;2010年05期

4 農(nóng)轅;;國(guó)家能源局舉行2010年上半年能源經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)發(fā)布會(huì)[J];廣西電業(yè);2010年07期

5 ;國(guó)家能源局舉行2010年上半年能源經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)發(fā)布會(huì)[J];建筑節(jié)能;2010年09期

6 ;國(guó)家能源局發(fā)布前三季度能源經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)[J];中國(guó)能源;2010年11期

7 吳來(lái)桂;;我國(guó)能源經(jīng)濟(jì)與發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略分析[J];中國(guó)城市經(jīng)濟(jì);2011年09期

8 董蕾;;淺析中國(guó)能源經(jīng)濟(jì)面臨的挑戰(zhàn)及其對(duì)策[J];商業(yè)文化(上半月);2012年02期

9 能科;;日本能源經(jīng)濟(jì)代表團(tuán)訪問(wèn)我國(guó)[J];能源;1983年04期

10 盛毅;;堅(jiān)持在理論與實(shí)踐結(jié)合中把握能源經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展規(guī)律——簡(jiǎn)評(píng)《對(duì)能源的再認(rèn)識(shí)》[J];社會(huì)科學(xué)研究;2013年06期

相關(guān)會(huì)議論文 前4條

1 楊野;郭小哲;;我國(guó)能源經(jīng)濟(jì)系統(tǒng)優(yōu)化配置綜合效果分析[A];中國(guó)環(huán)境科學(xué)學(xué)會(huì)2006年學(xué)術(shù)年會(huì)優(yōu)秀論文集（中卷）[C];2006年

2 郭小哲;;我國(guó)節(jié)能降耗優(yōu)化配置與環(huán)境保護(hù)雙贏效果分析[A];2008中國(guó)環(huán)境科學(xué)學(xué)會(huì)學(xué)術(shù)年會(huì)優(yōu)秀論文集（下卷）[C];2008年

3 郭小哲;;能源經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境系統(tǒng)綜合模型研究[A];中國(guó)環(huán)境科學(xué)學(xué)會(huì)2009年學(xué)術(shù)年會(huì)論文集（第一卷）[C];2009年

4 馬延和;;生物煉制與細(xì)胞工廠[A];中國(guó)生物工程學(xué)會(huì)2006年學(xué)術(shù)年會(huì)暨全國(guó)生物反應(yīng)器學(xué)術(shù)研討會(huì)論文摘要集[C];2006年

相關(guān)重要報(bào)紙文章 前10條

1 本報(bào)記者 胡菊芹;正視文化差異 利用好能源經(jīng)濟(jì)革命的正效應(yīng)[N];中國(guó)電力報(bào);2014年

2 蔣能清 譚才余 楊好飛;耒陽(yáng)“能源經(jīng)濟(jì)”撐起發(fā)展“半壁江山”[N];衡陽(yáng)日?qǐng)?bào);2006年

3 重慶工商大學(xué)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)院副教授 易忠;能源經(jīng)濟(jì)打造節(jié)約型社會(huì)[N];人民日?qǐng)?bào);2006年

4 崔嶺;加快方式轉(zhuǎn)變 建設(shè)能源經(jīng)濟(jì)[N];榆林日?qǐng)?bào);2010年

5 王思宇;智能能源經(jīng)濟(jì)力推全球能源轉(zhuǎn)型[N];中國(guó)礦業(yè)報(bào);2010年

6 楊靖;能源經(jīng)濟(jì)研究應(yīng)緊盯實(shí)際[N];中國(guó)石化報(bào);2011年

7 中央黨校中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義理論體系研究中心 執(zhí)筆 韓慶祥 王海濱;努力實(shí)現(xiàn)能源經(jīng)濟(jì)與生態(tài)文明協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展[N];人民日?qǐng)?bào);2013年

8 劉亮明　劉鑫焱 周亞軍;山西能源經(jīng)濟(jì)綠色升級(jí)[N];科學(xué)導(dǎo)報(bào);2013年

9 杜美;新能源經(jīng)濟(jì)嶄露頭角[N];中國(guó)石化報(bào);2000年

10 同濟(jì)大學(xué)可持續(xù)發(fā)展與管理研究所所長(zhǎng)、教授、博導(dǎo)，，聯(lián)合國(guó)全球綠色新政報(bào)告咨詢(xún)專(zhuān)家 諸大建;能源經(jīng)濟(jì)動(dòng)向 需要完整把握[N];文匯報(bào);2009年

相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 郭金童;能源經(jīng)濟(jì)的動(dòng)態(tài)分析及能效水平研究[D];天津大學(xué);2007年

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前10條

1 顧丹薇;我國(guó)能源經(jīng)濟(jì)效率區(qū)域差異實(shí)證研究[D];復(fù)旦大學(xué);2014年

2 陸悠悠;山東省能源經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境系統(tǒng)模糊規(guī)劃研究[D];中國(guó)石油大學(xué)(華東);2014年

3 詹佩玲;基于能源經(jīng)濟(jì)理論和“多中心治理”理論的德國(guó)棄煤政策分析[D];北京外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué);2017年

4 鴻嘎魯;鄂爾多斯市能源經(jīng)濟(jì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展研究[D];中央民族大學(xué);2011年

5 楊永強(qiáng);經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)對(duì)內(nèi)蒙古能源經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響[D];浙江大學(xué);2014年

6 王雁;陜北地區(qū)能源經(jīng)濟(jì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展研究[D];西北師范大學(xué);2008年

7 劉妮娜;西部地區(qū)能源經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展存在的問(wèn)題及對(duì)策研究[D];中南民族大學(xué);2011年

8 劉進(jìn)科;中國(guó)能源經(jīng)濟(jì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展研究[D];內(nèi)蒙古科技大學(xué);2013年

9 劉立娜;霍林郭勒市能源經(jīng)濟(jì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展研究[D];延邊大學(xué);2013年

10 盧慶華;能源經(jīng)濟(jì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展研究[D];山東大學(xué);2005年

本文編號(hào)：2169596