【摘要】：隨著低滲透油氣田的不斷開(kāi)發(fā),對(duì)壓裂液的性能要求也越來(lái)越高。最近幾年發(fā)展起來(lái)的清潔壓裂液在很大程度上解決了傳統(tǒng)壓裂液破膠難、濾失高、殘?jiān)嗟热秉c(diǎn)。目前國(guó)內(nèi)外對(duì)于清潔壓裂液的研究主要針對(duì)新型表面活性劑制備和清潔壓裂液的粘彈性、傷害性、流變性、摩阻性、控縫高性等的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究,同時(shí)針對(duì)一些低孔、低滲、低壓等特殊油藏開(kāi)始進(jìn)行研究,但還處在起步階段,各個(gè)研究院所研制的藥品大多僅限于實(shí)驗(yàn)室內(nèi)合成,開(kāi)發(fā)的成果也只是在某個(gè)油田小范圍應(yīng)用。適用于氣井的清潔壓裂液對(duì)低滲儲(chǔ)層具有良好的控濾失作用,能有效控制縫高,施工摩阻低,壓裂液效率高,對(duì)儲(chǔ)層傷害小,增產(chǎn)效果顯著,但是目前相對(duì)于油井的研究還相對(duì)較少,而且耐溫性能不高。雖然目前國(guó)內(nèi)外研制和應(yīng)用的清潔壓裂液體系,已從過(guò)去單純的油井應(yīng)用,逐漸擴(kuò)展到天然氣和煤層氣的開(kāi)發(fā)應(yīng)用中,但在新產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)思路上,主要研究使用特殊的表面活性劑在較高濃度下形成棒狀膠束進(jìn)而形成網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu)的原理為主。通過(guò)對(duì)表面活性劑在不同組成、不同溫度和不同剪切速率下的粘度變化以及壓裂液濾失性及對(duì)地層的傷害性進(jìn)行評(píng)測(cè)。目前國(guó)內(nèi)外研制和應(yīng)用的清潔壓裂液,基本組成為粘彈性表面活性劑、鹽溶液和穩(wěn)定劑。在清潔壓裂液的研究中,使用的表面活性劑碳鏈長(zhǎng)度多在12-18之間,主要分為陰離子型和陽(yáng)離子型。由于陽(yáng)離子表面活性劑成膠性能、抗溫性能較好,合成工藝比較成熟,在研究和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)應(yīng)用中使用較多,但隨著研究的深入,發(fā)現(xiàn)此類表面活性劑對(duì)地層粘土和砂巖的吸附性較強(qiáng),因此該類壓裂液對(duì)地層造成潤(rùn)濕傷害的幾率較大,從而影響采收率的提高�？v觀目前已經(jīng)研發(fā)出的清潔壓裂液,雖然可以在一定程度上改善裂縫通道從而提高原油的采收率,但過(guò)高的使用成本,以及耐溫性較差等極大地限制了它的推廣應(yīng)用。因此開(kāi)發(fā)具有自主知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)且價(jià)格相對(duì)低廉的新型清潔壓裂液來(lái)提高石油的采收率具有著極其重要的意義。 針對(duì)這一問(wèn)題,本文以自制的陰離子雙子表面活性劑為主劑,氯化鉀、水楊酸鈉、十二醇、納米二氧化鈦為添加劑,通過(guò)篩選復(fù)配得到4種壓裂液體系,四種壓裂液體系的組成為：①5%GA.12+2.0%NaSL+4%十二醇+0.15%TiO2；②3.5%GA-14+1.5%NaSL+3%十二醇+0.2%TiO2；③3%GA.16+2.0%NaSL+3%十二醇+0.15%TiO2；④2%GA.18+1.0%NaSL+3%十二醇+0.15%TiO2。按照SY/T5107—2005《水基壓裂液性能評(píng)價(jià)方法》對(duì)四種體系分別進(jìn)行了流動(dòng)曲線測(cè)試,應(yīng)力掃描,頻率掃描,模量測(cè)試,耐溫性測(cè)試,破膠性能測(cè)試,攜砂效果測(cè)試及耐剪切性能測(cè)試,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)：四種表面活性劑壓裂液流體均屬于假塑性流體,隨著溫度的升高壓裂液稠度系數(shù)K減小,增稠性能降低；GA-16與GA-14壓裂液體系均具有較高的儲(chǔ)能模量,具有優(yōu)良的增粘性,顯著的粘彈效應(yīng)；四種體系中GA-16壓裂液耐溫性能最好,可以用于90℃地層壓裂；四種壓裂液體系破膠液粘度均小于5mPa.s,油水界面張力較低,無(wú)殘?jiān)�；懸砂效果明顯,陶粒在四種壓裂液體系中的沉降速度平均只有其在水中沉降速度的二十分之一；GA-12、GA-14、GA-18壓裂液體系的耐剪切性能相近,GA-16壓裂液體系耐剪切性最佳。經(jīng)過(guò)150min剪切后各壓裂液體系的粘度保留率為：GA-12體系為71.4%,GA-14體系為73.8%,GA-16體系為77.7%,GA-18體系為73%。
[Abstract]:With the continuous development of low permeability oil and gas fields, the performance requirements of fracturing fluids are getting higher and higher. In recent years, the developed clean fracturing fluids have largely solved the shortcomings of traditional fracturing fluids, such as difficult gel breaking, high filtration rate, and many residues. Experimental study on viscoelasticity, damage, rheology, frictional resistance and fracture control of fracturing fluid has been carried out. At the same time, some special reservoirs such as low porosity, low permeability and low pressure have been studied, but they are still in the initial stage. Most of the drugs developed by various research institutes are only synthesized in laboratory, and the results of development are only in a small area of an oilfield. Clean fracturing fluid suitable for gas wells has good filtration control effect on low permeability reservoirs. It can effectively control fracture height, low construction friction, high fracturing fluid efficiency, little damage to reservoirs, and remarkable stimulation effect. However, the research on clean fracturing fluid relative to oil wells is relatively less, and its temperature resistance is not high. Clean fracturing fluid system has been gradually extended from simple oil well application to natural gas and coalbed methane development and application in the past, but in the design of new products, the principle of using special surfactants to form rod micelles at higher concentrations and then form a network structure is mainly studied. At present, the clean fracturing fluids developed and applied at home and abroad are basically composed of viscoelastic surfactants, salt solutions and stabilizers. In the study of clean fracturing fluids, the carbon chain length of surfactants used is mostly 12. Cationic surfactants are mainly classified into anionic and cationic types. Because of their gelling properties, good temperature resistance and mature synthetic technology, cationic surfactants are widely used in research and field application. However, with the further study, it is found that these surfactants have strong adsorbability to formation clay and sandstone, so this kind of fracturing fluid is on the ground. Although the clean fracturing fluid which has been developed can improve the fracture passage to a certain extent and thus enhance the oil recovery, its application is greatly limited by the high cost and poor temperature resistance. New clean fracturing fluids with independent intellectual property rights and relatively low price are of great significance to enhance oil recovery.
In order to solve this problem, four kinds of fracturing fluids were prepared by using anionic gemini surfactant as main agent, potassium chloride, sodium salicylate, dodecanol and nano-titanium dioxide as additives. The compositions of the four fracturing fluids were as follows: (1) 5% GA.12 + 2.0% NaSL + 4% dodecanol + 0.15% TiO2; (2) 3.5% GA-14 + 1.5% NaSL + 3% dodecanol + 3%. According to SY/T5107-2005 < Water-based Fracturing Fluid Performance Evaluation Method >, the flow curves, stress scanning, frequency scanning, modulus testing, temperature resistance testing, gel breaking performance testing, sand carrying effect testing and sand carrying effect testing of the four systems were carried out respectively. The results show that the four surfactant fracturing fluids belong to pseudoplastic fluids, and the consistency coefficient K decreases with the increase of temperature, and the thickening performance decreases. Both GA-16 and GA-14 fracturing fluids have high storage modulus, excellent viscosity and significant viscoelastic effect. Fracturing fluids have the best temperature resistance and can be used for formation fracturing at 90 C. The viscosity of the four fracturing fluids is less than 5 mPa. s, the interfacial tension between oil and water is low, and there is no residue; the suspended sand effect is obvious, the settling velocity of ceramsite in the four fracturing fluids is only one-tenth of its settling velocity in water on average; GA-12, GA-14, GA-18 fracturing fluids. The viscosity retention of GA-12, GA-14, GA-16 and GA-18 systems was 71.4%, 73.8%, 77.7% and 73.8% respectively after 150 minutes of shearing.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：長(zhǎng)江大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：TE357.12

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