本文選題：植物遺傳資源 + 植物新品種權(quán)　； 參考：《廣西師范大學(xué)》2013年碩士論文

【摘要】：眾所周知,所有植物的遺傳基礎(chǔ)就是遺傳資源,比如目前現(xiàn)存所有植物的基因和非基因的序列信息。這些序列信息大部分是重復(fù)的,比如地上的野草,春風(fēng)吹又生,但是有些序列信息則是稀少的且具有潛在價(jià)值的,這些都是需要我們保護(hù)的。中國(guó)幅員遼闊,草原、森林、土地上孕育著數(shù)以萬(wàn)計(jì)的基因,植物遺傳資源十分豐富。農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展具有悠久的歷史,包括糧食作物和經(jīng)濟(jì)作物等在內(nèi)的作物遺傳資源是植物遺傳資源的重要組成部分,要保護(hù)好這個(gè)大型基因庫(kù),使作物能夠順利繁殖,需要我們做出比以往更大的努力。與此同時(shí),我們也面臨著很多來(lái)自各方的威脅,比如生物海盜、比如遺傳資源逐漸減少甚至殆盡等等。但是如何使這些潛在的植物遺傳資源優(yōu)勢(shì)得到保護(hù)和開(kāi)發(fā)利用,變成了眾多專家學(xué)者以及普通百姓都急需考慮的問(wèn)題。很多專家學(xué)者從法律層面探討了應(yīng)該運(yùn)用何種方式進(jìn)行保護(hù),有些主張利用公法,因?yàn)橹参镞z傳資源是歸國(guó)家所有；有些主張運(yùn)用私法,這樣更有利于維護(hù)育種者、開(kāi)發(fā)者的積極性,以便創(chuàng)造更多更優(yōu)質(zhì)的植物。本文目的就是通過(guò)研究植物遺傳資源的新品種權(quán)保護(hù)模式,探討如何讓這種保護(hù)模式更好地保護(hù)植物遺傳資源,從而更有利于保護(hù)生物多樣性。 本文從四個(gè)部分論述植物遺傳資源新品種權(quán)的保護(hù)： 第一部分要研究清楚遺傳資源保護(hù)與植物新品種權(quán)的關(guān)系。通過(guò)弄清這兩個(gè)核心概念里面包含的各種定義的內(nèi)涵及外延,才能更好地對(duì)研究課題展開(kāi)研究。首先從介紹遺傳資源入手,詳細(xì)介紹植物遺傳資源；同時(shí)引出植物品種和植物新品種的聯(lián)系與區(qū)別。再對(duì)植物遺傳資源品種權(quán)保護(hù)進(jìn)行學(xué)理分析,明確植物遺傳資源新品種權(quán)的法律特征以及要取得植物新品種權(quán)應(yīng)該具備哪些條件。 第二部分重點(diǎn)分析了我國(guó)植物遺傳資源的基本情況和保護(hù)現(xiàn)狀。由我國(guó)遺傳資源既豐富又較難保護(hù)的基本情況開(kāi)始,指出我國(guó)目前較多地是運(yùn)用公法對(duì)植物遺傳資源進(jìn)行保護(hù),而私法中保護(hù)措施不夠完善,重點(diǎn)對(duì)比了品種權(quán)保護(hù)與專利權(quán)保護(hù)。提出我國(guó)現(xiàn)行的保護(hù)措施存在立法和配套政策不完善、技術(shù)支撐體系建設(shè)滯后、保護(hù)質(zhì)量不高等問(wèn)題。 第三部分主要介紹了國(guó)際上保護(hù)植物遺傳資源的公約,如《植物新品種保護(hù)國(guó)際公約》(UPOV公約)、《與貿(mào)易有關(guān)的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)協(xié)議》(TRIPS協(xié)議)、《生物多樣性公約》(Conventionon Biological Diversity)等。同時(shí)還闡述了美國(guó)和印度這兩個(gè)典型國(guó)家的植物新品種保護(hù)制度基本內(nèi)容和相關(guān)法律法規(guī),得出了對(duì)我國(guó)完善植物遺傳資源新品種保護(hù)的啟示。 第四部分研究我國(guó)對(duì)植物遺傳資源品種權(quán)保護(hù)的制度完善。從立法層面,從審查層面,從行政執(zhí)法層面,從司法層面,從意識(shí)層面,從國(guó)際層面等六個(gè)方面進(jìn)行研究,對(duì)我國(guó)目前的《植物新品種保護(hù)條例》進(jìn)行完善,吸收國(guó)外經(jīng)驗(yàn),考慮將條例提高到法律層次,使其與相關(guān)法律、法規(guī)協(xié)調(diào)統(tǒng)一。加強(qiáng)執(zhí)法力度,完善技術(shù)支撐體系,妥善處理侵權(quán)問(wèn)題,強(qiáng)調(diào)法律宣傳力度,提高法律意識(shí)等。 通過(guò)研究,我們可以知道,植物遺傳資源可以產(chǎn)生巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益,農(nóng)民對(duì)植物遺傳資源的保護(hù)和改進(jìn),幾乎是依賴于農(nóng)民的種子儲(chǔ)備和交換。通過(guò)植物新品種權(quán)制度這種專門制度進(jìn)行保護(hù),規(guī)定育種者權(quán)利和農(nóng)民權(quán)利,更好更全面地保護(hù)了植物新品種,進(jìn)而有利于保護(hù)植物遺傳資源。這種方式更適合目前中國(guó)的國(guó)情——即農(nóng)民生活貧困,生物技術(shù)、農(nóng)林等相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展落后的客觀狀況,避免了其他方式(例如專利)保護(hù)帶來(lái)的昂貴成本。
[Abstract]:It is well known that the genetic basis of all plants is genetic resources, such as the genetic and non genetic sequence information of all existing plants. The sequence information is mostly repetitive, such as the grass on the ground, the spring wind and the spring wind, but some sequence information is rare and potentially valuable, all of which require us to protect China has a vast territory, grasslands, forests, and land with thousands of genes and abundant genetic resources for plants. Agricultural development has a long history, and crop genetic resources, including grain crops and economic crops, are important components of plant genetic resources. In the meantime, we need to make greater efforts than ever before. At the same time, we are faced with many threats from all sides, such as biological pirates, such as the gradual reduction and depletion of genetic resources, etc. but how to protect and exploit these potential plant genetic resources has become a large number of experts and scholars, as well as many experts and scholars. Many experts and scholars have discussed the way of protection from the legal level. Some advocate the use of public law, because plant genetic resources are owned by the state; some advocate the use of private law, which is more conducive to maintaining the enthusiasm of the breeders and developers in order to create more quality and better quality. The purpose of this paper is to explore how to protect plant genetic resources better by studying the new species rights protection model of plant genetic resources and to protect biodiversity.
This article from the protection of four parts of new plant genetic resources for the right:
The first part is to study the relationship between the protection of genetic resources and the new plant species rights. Through the understanding of the connotation and extension of the various definitions contained in the two core concepts, we can make a better study on the research topic. First of all, the genetic resources are introduced in detail from the introduction of genetic resources, and plant varieties and plants are also introduced. The relationship and difference between the new varieties and the variety rights of the plant genetic resources are analyzed, and the legal characteristics of the new plant genetic resources and the conditions to obtain the new plant species rights should be made clear.
The second part focuses on the analysis of the basic situation and protection status of plant genetic resources in China. From the basic situation of rich and difficult protection of China's genetic resources, it is pointed out that the protection of plant genetic resources by public law is mostly used in our country at present, while the protection measures in private law are not perfect, and the protection of variety rights and the special protection are compared. Rights protection. The protective measures are put forward in China's existing legislation and supporting policies are not perfect, technical support system construction lag, protect the quality is not high.
The third part mainly introduces the International Convention on the protection of plant genetic resources, such as the International Convention for the protection of new plants (UPOV), the agreement on trade related intellectual property rights (TRIPS), the Conventionon Biological Diversity and so on. Meanwhile, the plants of the two typical countries of the United States and India are also described. The basic content of new variety protection system and relevant laws and regulations, draw on Perfection of plant genetic resources for the protection of new varieties of enlightenment.
The fourth part studies the system of the protection of plant genetic resources in our country. From the legislative level, from the level of review, from the level of administrative law enforcement, from the judicial level, from the consciousness level, from the international level, six aspects are studied, the current "new plant species protection regulations" in China are perfected, the foreign experience is absorbed and the regulations are considered. To improve the legal level, to harmonize it with relevant laws and regulations, to strengthen the enforcement of law, to improve the technical support system, to properly handle the issue of tort, to emphasize the publicity of the law and to raise the awareness of the law.
Through research, we can know that plant genetic resources can produce great economic benefits. The protection and improvement of plant genetic resources by farmers almost depend on the seed reserve and exchange of farmers. Through the special system of plant new seed weight system, the farmers' rights and farmers' rights are set up, and the farmers' rights and farmers' rights are set up better and more comprehensive. To protect the new varieties of plants and to protect the genetic resources of plants, this way is more suitable for the current situation in China, namely, the poor development of farmers living in poverty, biotechnology, agroforestry and other related industries, avoiding the expensive costs of other ways (such as patent) protection.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：廣西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：D923.4

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本文編號(hào)：2022609