本文選題：《反假冒貿(mào)易協(xié)定》 + TRIPS��； 參考：《吉林大學(xué)》2013年博士論文

【摘要】：知識產(chǎn)權(quán)既為權(quán)利人帶來經(jīng)濟收益，又是推動一國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的重要力量。然而，知識產(chǎn)權(quán)侵權(quán)行為的頻發(fā)，特別是假冒與盜版活動在全球范圍內(nèi)的泛濫，日益減損著國內(nèi)立法在知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護方面的效能。為了維護其在全球經(jīng)濟中的競爭優(yōu)勢，各知識產(chǎn)權(quán)輸出國（主要是發(fā)達國家）積極推動知識產(chǎn)權(quán)國際保護體制的建立，從《保護工業(yè)產(chǎn)權(quán)巴黎公約》的制定到世界知識產(chǎn)權(quán)組織（WIPO）的建立，從《與貿(mào)易有關(guān)的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)協(xié)議》（TRIPS協(xié)議）的締結(jié)到為數(shù)眾多的雙邊自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定（FTA）的出現(xiàn)，都可以看到發(fā)達國家活躍的身影�！斗醇倜百Q(mào)易協(xié)定》（ACTA）的制定是發(fā)達國家積極推進知識產(chǎn)權(quán)國際保護立法的最新進展。 本文對ACTA進行了分析與評價，題目為“《反假冒貿(mào)易協(xié)定》解析：標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之變與體制之爭”，分為六章進行闡述。 第一章為緒論，以知識產(chǎn)權(quán)國際保護的發(fā)展進程為線索，將ACTA所蘊含與引發(fā)的學(xué)術(shù)問題呈現(xiàn)在一個廣闊的學(xué)術(shù)背景上。通過對國內(nèi)外研究狀況的綜述，發(fā)現(xiàn)其在此問題上研究的不足，從而指出本文的主要貢獻與創(chuàng)新。 第二章闡述了知識產(chǎn)權(quán)國際保護體制的變遷過程。知識產(chǎn)權(quán)以一國領(lǐng)土為限的地域性以及作為國家發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的重要性，催生了知識產(chǎn)權(quán)國際保護制度。發(fā)達國家意圖提高知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的動機推動了知識產(chǎn)權(quán)國際保護體制的轉(zhuǎn)變。從知識產(chǎn)權(quán)國際聯(lián)合局（BIRPI）到WIPO的過渡，標(biāo)志著知識產(chǎn)權(quán)多邊保護體制的正式建立；從WIPO到WTO/TRIPS的轉(zhuǎn)變，代表著知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護與多邊貿(mào)易體制的聯(lián)合。知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在多邊貿(mào)易體制中遭遇發(fā)展瓶頸，發(fā)達國家在以自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定（FTA）為代表的雙邊體制中推行TRIPS-plus標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，表明其試圖消解知識產(chǎn)權(quán)多邊保護體制的困局，導(dǎo)致知識產(chǎn)權(quán)國際保護體制開始由多邊向雙邊轉(zhuǎn)向。這一過程中，出現(xiàn)了以美國“特別301”條款為代表的單邊主義趨向。在多邊體制與雙邊體制的分分合合中，復(fù)邊體制以其獨具的優(yōu)勢為知識產(chǎn)權(quán)國際保護開辟出了“第三條道路”。ACTA即是“第三條道路”上的先遣隊，它的出現(xiàn)使知識產(chǎn)權(quán)國際保護的體制之爭更為復(fù)雜。 第三章對ACTA的制定程序進行了深度透視。ACTA的制定程序明顯受到其選擇的復(fù)邊體制的影響，“秘密”與“封閉”構(gòu)成了ACTA制定程序的主要特點。為了將社會公眾排除在外，ACTA采取了秘密談判的方式。這一作法遭到了社會公眾的強烈質(zhì)疑，最終導(dǎo)致ACTA在歐盟的批準(zhǔn)進程被否決。雖然談判方強調(diào)了秘密談判的必要性，但這些理由顯然不能成立，其不過是談判方為了逃避國內(nèi)民主程序的審查而采取的“政策洗白”策略。此外，為了擺脫發(fā)展中國家的牽制，ACTA在談判成員組成上采取了封閉的“大國俱樂部”作法。ACTA秘密與封閉的立法過程損害了協(xié)議本身的合法性與正當(dāng)性、影響正常的國際貿(mào)易秩序、侵害了發(fā)展中國家的利益、破壞了多邊體制的平衡。 第四章對ACTA的規(guī)范內(nèi)容進行了解析。ACTA共六章四十五條，主要規(guī)定了知識產(chǎn)權(quán)執(zhí)法框架、執(zhí)法實踐、國際合作及機構(gòu)安排等問題。從具體條文上看，ACTA在民事執(zhí)法、邊境執(zhí)法以及刑事執(zhí)法等領(lǐng)域，全面發(fā)展了TRIPS協(xié)議的相關(guān)規(guī)定，ACTA數(shù)字環(huán)境執(zhí)法措施繼承和突破了《國際互聯(lián)網(wǎng)公約》的相關(guān)規(guī)定。ACTA在TRIPS協(xié)議下的合法性雖然可以得到基本確認(rèn)，但ACTA對TRIPS-plus標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的追求卻與其反假冒與反盜版的初衷相悖，發(fā)展中國家執(zhí)法能力的提升，與發(fā)達國家的密切合作，才是有效阻止假冒與盜版的必由之路。ACTA背后隱藏的是將立法問題與執(zhí)法問題人為割裂的“議題分離”策略。這一策略的實施，破壞了知識產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)者與使用者之間的利益平衡，加重了ACTA成員國的執(zhí)法負(fù)擔(dān)，甚至威脅到一國的立法自主權(quán)。 第五章是ACTA的“復(fù)活”與“升級”。ACTA在歐盟的否決可能導(dǎo)致ACTA最終無法生效，但并不意味著ACTA不能夠通過間接方式對知識產(chǎn)權(quán)國際保護的立法進程產(chǎn)生影響。正在談判中的《加拿大——歐盟全面經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易協(xié)議》（CETA）復(fù)制并發(fā)展了ACTA的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)執(zhí)法規(guī)范，使ACTA在CETA中被全面“復(fù)活”�！犊缣窖蠡锇殛P(guān)系協(xié)議》（TPP）繼承并超越了ACTA的主要規(guī)范，使TPP以“ACTA2.0”的形式實現(xiàn)了對ACTA的“升級”。ACTA對CETA與TPP的輻射與滲透，表明其對未來國際知識產(chǎn)權(quán)立法的潛在影響是絕對不可忽視的。 第六章探討了ACTA的本質(zhì)、影響以及發(fā)展中國家應(yīng)采取的應(yīng)對策略。ACTA立法是知識產(chǎn)權(quán)國際保護“體制轉(zhuǎn)換”的必然結(jié)果，發(fā)達國家內(nèi)的利益集團對知識產(chǎn)權(quán)國際保護標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的積極推動，是“體制轉(zhuǎn)換”的政治動因。“體制轉(zhuǎn)換”的結(jié)果是多邊體制、雙邊體制、復(fù)邊體制等的互相疊加，，最終形成“體制交錯”的格局，使發(fā)達國家可能借助于ACTA實現(xiàn)“連橫合縱”的效果。ACTA的“連橫合縱”損害了發(fā)展中國家民眾的公共健康權(quán)利，抑制了TRIPS協(xié)議賦予發(fā)展中成員國的“彈性”，造成了國際知識產(chǎn)權(quán)體系的進一步“碎片化”。在后ACTA時代，發(fā)展中國家應(yīng)當(dāng)積極采取應(yīng)對策略，堅持多邊主義、注重能力建設(shè)、強調(diào)促進競爭及維護公有領(lǐng)域。
[Abstract]:Intellectual property rights not only bring economic benefits to the rights holders, but also an important force to promote the economic development of a country. However, the frequent occurrence of intellectual property rights infringement, especially the spread of counterfeit and piracy activities around the world, has increasingly detracts the effectiveness of domestic legislation in the protection of intellectual property. Advantages, all intellectual property exporting countries (mainly developed countries) actively promote the establishment of the international protection system for intellectual property rights, from the formulation of the Paris Convention on the protection of industrial property to the establishment of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), from the conclusion of the trade related intellectual property agreement (TRIPS agreement) to a large number of bilateral free trade agreements ( The emergence of FTA can see the active figure of the developed countries. The formulation of the anti counterfeiting trade agreement (ACTA) is the latest progress of the developed countries to actively promote the international protection legislation of intellectual property rights.
In this paper, ACTA is analyzed and evaluated, entitled "analysis of the anti counterfeiting trade agreement: the change of standards and the system", which is divided into six chapters.
The first chapter is the introduction, taking the development process of the international protection of intellectual property as the clue, and presenting the academic problems contained in ACTA in a broad academic background. Through the review of the research situation at home and abroad, we find out the lack of research on this problem, and then point out the main contribution and innovation of this article.
The second chapter expounds the change process of the international protection system of intellectual property. The regional nature of intellectual property rights limited by one country and the importance of the national development strategy have brought about the international protection system of intellectual property rights. The motive of the developed countries' intention to improve the protection of intellectual property rights has pushed the transformation of the international protection system of intellectual property. The transition from IPR (BIRPI) to WIPO signifies the formal establishment of a multilateral protection system for intellectual property rights; the transition from WIPO to WTO/TRIPS represents the combination of intellectual property protection and the multilateral trading system. The intellectual property protection standard has encountered development bottlenecks in the multilateral trading system, and the developed countries are in the free trade association. The implementation of the TRIPS-plus standard in the bilateral system represented by FTA indicates that it tries to eliminate the dilemma of the multilateral protection system of intellectual property rights, leading to the beginning of the international protection system of intellectual property right from multilateral to bilateral. In this process, the trend of unilateralism, represented by the "Special 301" clause in the United States, has emerged. In the system of separation and integration, the complex edge system has opened up the "Third Road".ACTA, which is the "Third Road", with its unique advantages for the international protection of intellectual property rights. Its emergence makes the dispute over the international protection of intellectual property more complex.
The third chapter makes a deep perspective on the formulation of the ACTA procedure. The process of making.ACTA is obviously influenced by the complex border system of its choice. "Secret" and "closed" constitute the main characteristics of the ACTA formulation process. In order to exclude the public from the public, the ACTA has adopted the formula of secret negotiation. This practice has been strongly influenced by the public. Questioning, eventually leading to the rejection of ACTA's approval process in the European Union. Although the negotiators stressed the necessity of secret negotiations, these reasons are clearly ineffective, but the "policy whitening" strategy adopted by the negotiators in order to escape the review of democratic procedures in the country. In addition, the ACTA is negotiating to get rid of the constraints of the developing countries. The secret and closed legislative process of a closed "big country club" method.ACTA has damaged the legitimacy and legitimacy of the agreement itself, affected the normal international trade order, violated the interests of the developing countries and undermined the balance of the multilateral system.
In the fourth chapter, the standard content of ACTA is analyzed in a total of six chapters and forty-five sections. The main provisions are the framework of the law enforcement of intellectual property, the practice of law enforcement, international cooperation and institutional arrangements. From the specific provisions, ACTA has developed the relevant provisions of the TRIPS agreement in the fields of civil law enforcement, border enforcement and criminal law enforcement, and the ACTA figures Environmental law enforcement measures inherit and break through the relevant provisions of the International Convention on Internet, although the legitimacy of.ACTA under the TRIPS agreement can be basically confirmed, but the pursuit of TRIPS-plus standards by ACTA is contrary to the original intention of anti counterfeiting and anti piracy. The promotion of law enforcement ability in developing countries and close cooperation with developed countries are the only ones. The only way to prevent counterfeiting and piracy.ACTA is hidden behind the "separation of issues" strategy that separates legislative issues and law enforcement issues. The implementation of this strategy undermines the balance of interests between producers and users of knowledge products, aggravates the law enforcement burden of ACTA members, and even threatens the legislative autonomy of a country.
The fifth chapter is the "Resurrection" and "upgrade" of ACTA. The rejection of.ACTA in the EU may lead to the eventual failure of ACTA, but it does not mean that ACTA can not affect the legislative process of international protection of intellectual property through indirect ways. The negotiation of the Canadian EU full economic and trade agreement (CETA) replicate and develop AC TA's intellectual property law enforcement specification makes ACTA fully "resurrected" in CETA. The trans Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP) inherits and transcends the main specifications of ACTA, enabling TPP to "upgrade".ACTA's radiation and penetration of CETA and TPP on ACTA in the form of "ACTA2.0", indicating its potential for future international intellectual property legislation. Ringing is absolutely not to be ignored.
The sixth chapter discusses the essence of the ACTA, the influence and the countermeasures that the developing countries should adopt, the.ACTA legislation is the inevitable result of the "institutional transformation" of the international protection of intellectual property rights. The positive impetus of the interest groups in the developed countries on the international protection standards of intellectual property rights is the political motivation of "institutional change". The result of "system transformation" It is the superposition of the multilateral system, the bilateral system, the complex border system and so on. Finally, the pattern of "system interlocking" is formed, so that the developed countries may have the help of the ACTA to realize the "joint and vertical" effect of.ACTA, which has damaged the public health rights of the people of the developing countries, and restrained the "bomb" given by the TRIPS agreement to the developing member countries. In the post ACTA era, developing countries should actively adopt coping strategies, adhere to multilateralism, focus on capacity-building, and emphasize the promotion of competition and the maintenance of public areas in the post ACTA era.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：D996.1;D997.1

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