本文選題：轉(zhuǎn)基因作物 + 基因資源��； 參考：《華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2013年碩士論文

【摘要】：基因資源的獲取、利用及其利益分享是農(nóng)業(yè)科技、生物多樣性發(fā)展和經(jīng)濟(jì)開發(fā)的重要問題。1961年法、德等歐洲六國在巴黎共同簽署的《國際植物新品種保護(hù)公約》中提出的植物新品種權(quán)制度視乎為基因資源利用和發(fā)展提供了制度支撐,其以私權(quán)的形式保障了發(fā)達(dá)國家利用現(xiàn)代生物技術(shù)培育植物新品種的育種人利益,也就是強(qiáng)調(diào)了基因資源的個(gè)體開發(fā)和增值價(jià)值。隨著全球經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)一體化進(jìn)程的加快,利益格局進(jìn)一步分化,特別是當(dāng)前面臨資源、環(huán)境及人類健康等挑戰(zhàn)性問題更加普遍與突出,基因資源主權(quán)及產(chǎn)權(quán)問題日益成為當(dāng)前國際多角度關(guān)注的熱點(diǎn)。轉(zhuǎn)基因作物作為一種利用組織培養(yǎng)技術(shù)的基因重組技術(shù)引入其它生物或物種的基因而培育出來的基因改育作物或基因重組作物獲得了快速發(fā)展,同時(shí)也對我們的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)、生活產(chǎn)生了重要作用,更是成為了生物多樣性的重要方面。轉(zhuǎn)基因作物是一種以基因資源為基礎(chǔ),通過基因重組技術(shù)來改良和培育,注入了個(gè)體價(jià)值,理應(yīng)獲得知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)。但是,基因產(chǎn)權(quán)作為原產(chǎn)國國家的資源主權(quán)權(quán)利,特別是以傳統(tǒng)方式保存并發(fā)現(xiàn)其品種價(jià)值的社區(qū)和農(nóng)民的產(chǎn)權(quán)權(quán)益,在既有的制度體系中未能得到體現(xiàn)。 當(dāng)前很多學(xué)者也關(guān)注到這個(gè)問題,但其研究仍呈片段化,未能從法律角度對資源利用權(quán)配置進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)研究,特別是基因資源與知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)雙向度互動(dòng)發(fā)展尚未涉足。知識產(chǎn)權(quán)是知識財(cái)產(chǎn)私有的權(quán)利形式,是一種基于個(gè)體的權(quán)利生成,面對權(quán)利客體的多樣性創(chuàng)新,特別是轉(zhuǎn)基因作物基因資源集合了自然公共屬性和個(gè)體價(jià)值屬性,理應(yīng)會對知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)進(jìn)路形成突破。本文以轉(zhuǎn)基因作物基因資源為基點(diǎn),綜合法學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、社會學(xué)、生物學(xué)等多學(xué)科視角深入探析我國轉(zhuǎn)基因作物基因資源中所面臨的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)問題,以利益視角對轉(zhuǎn)基因作物基因資源過程中所涉及的利益相關(guān)體進(jìn)行分析,力求發(fā)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)基因作物基因資源利用過程中在知識產(chǎn)權(quán)方面所產(chǎn)生的基本法律問題,以利益平衡理論、可持續(xù)發(fā)展理論、農(nóng)民權(quán)益保護(hù)理論等為基礎(chǔ),通過對基因資源利用權(quán)進(jìn)行法律配置,達(dá)到基因資源利用中私利和公益的現(xiàn)實(shí)平衡,并以此為基礎(chǔ)構(gòu)建兼容國際和本土特色的制度體系,提出了我國轉(zhuǎn)基因作物基因資源利用中知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)的宏觀和具體立法建議,從而促進(jìn)我國轉(zhuǎn)基因作物基因資源利用的健康發(fā)展。 通過研究,本文主要觀點(diǎn)包括：第一,我國當(dāng)前專利權(quán)和植物新品種權(quán)制度對轉(zhuǎn)基因作物給予了一定法律基礎(chǔ)保護(hù),但對基因資源的自然公共屬性關(guān)注不夠,特別是農(nóng)民權(quán)的實(shí)現(xiàn)載體問題；第二,轉(zhuǎn)基因作物基因資源的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)既要遵循利益平衡原則、實(shí)質(zhì)公平原則、鼓勵(lì)創(chuàng)新原則,又要堅(jiān)持防止濫用原則和國際合作原則,在防范與合作中尋求和諧發(fā)展；第三,立法選擇方面應(yīng)結(jié)合我國法律實(shí)際和外部環(huán)境,不宜由品種權(quán)保護(hù)的專門法模式直接過渡到專利法的模式,可探討建立基因資源法保護(hù)模式；第四,在進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)基因作物基因資源權(quán)屬登記的基礎(chǔ)上,應(yīng)當(dāng)進(jìn)行基因資源保護(hù)和利用的制度建設(shè),包括事先知情同意制度、惠益分享制度、社區(qū)共管制度、生態(tài)補(bǔ)償制度、權(quán)利救濟(jì)制度等；第五,以農(nóng)民權(quán)為基礎(chǔ)和框架構(gòu)建的基因資源權(quán)應(yīng)注入社區(qū)發(fā)展權(quán)的公共性理念,通過社區(qū)共享性制度系統(tǒng)促進(jìn)轉(zhuǎn)基因作物基因資源與知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)的雙向度互動(dòng)式發(fā)展進(jìn)路。 本文的研究雖然從多視角觸及到了轉(zhuǎn)基因作物基因資源的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)問題的內(nèi)涵、核心及其關(guān)聯(lián)體系,但還僅僅是理論上的分析和論證,還只是一個(gè)新的起點(diǎn),仍有諸多理論和實(shí)踐方面的問題有待進(jìn)一步研究和探討。特別要注意的是,轉(zhuǎn)基因作物基因資源作為特定的公共性產(chǎn)品,既是促進(jìn)主體發(fā)展的現(xiàn)實(shí)需要,又是生物多樣性的必然要求。對于轉(zhuǎn)基因作物基因資源的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)不應(yīng)僅僅局限于傳統(tǒng)私法范疇,還應(yīng)從社會整體利益角度考究,搭建一種公共性的保護(hù)與利用相結(jié)合的法律路徑,從而真正實(shí)現(xiàn)權(quán)利主體與客體有機(jī)結(jié)合的和諧發(fā)展。
[Abstract]:The acquisition, utilization and benefit sharing of genetic resources are the important issues of agricultural science and technology, the development of biodiversity and economic development, the.1961 year law. The system of plant new species rights proposed by the European six countries in Paris jointly signed in the Convention on the protection of new varieties of plants, which is signed by the six European countries, provides institutional support for the utilization and development of genetic resources. In the form of private rights, the interests of the breeders of developing new varieties of plants by modern biotechnology are guaranteed by developed countries, that is, the individual development and value added value of genetic resources are emphasized. With the acceleration of the globalization of the global economic and technological integration, the interests pattern is further differentiated, especially the challenges facing the resources, environment and human health. The problem of sex is becoming more and more common and prominent, and the issue of the sovereignty and property rights of genetic resources has become a hot spot of attention at present. As a gene recombination technology using tissue culture technology, genetically modified crops or genetically modified crops have been developed rapidly. At the same time, it has also played an important role in our agricultural production and life, and it has become an important aspect of biodiversity. Genetically modified crops are based on genetic resources, improved and nurtured through gene recombination technology, injecting individual value and obtaining intellectual property protection. However, genetic property rights are used as the country of origin. The rights of resource sovereignty, especially the rights and interests of communities and farmers, which have been preserved and found in traditional ways, are not reflected in the existing system.
At present, many scholars have also paid attention to this problem, but their research is still fragmented. It is not possible to systematically study the allocation of resource utilization rights from the legal point of view, especially the two-way interaction between genetic resources and intellectual property protection has not been involved. Intellectual property is the right form of private knowledge and property, and it is based on individual rights. In the face of the diversity innovation of the object of rights, especially the genetic resources of genetically modified crops, the natural public property and individual value attribute should be set up, and the breakthrough of intellectual property protection should be formed. This article is based on the genetic resources of genetically modified crops, and the comprehensive jurisprudence, economics, social science and biology. The problem of intellectual property protection in genetic crop genetic resources is analyzed in the interest perspective to analyze the stakeholders involved in the genetic resources of genetically modified crops, and to find out the basic legal problems in the use of genetic resources in the utilization of genetically modified crops, and the sustainable development of the theory of interest balance. On the basis of the theory of exhibition and protection of farmers' rights and interests, through the legal allocation of the right to use genetic resources to achieve the realistic balance between private interest and public welfare in the utilization of genetic resources, the system of compatible international and local characteristics is built on this basis, and the macro protection of intellectual property rights in the utilization of genetic resources for genetically modified crops in China is proposed. And specific legislative proposals, so as to promote the healthy development of genetic resources utilization of transgenic crops in China.
Through the study, the main points of this article include: first, our current patent and plant new product rights system has given a certain legal basis for the protection of genetically modified crops, but not enough attention to the natural public properties of genetic resources, especially the carrier problem of farmers' rights; second, the intellectual property protection of genetically modified crops is not only protected by intellectual property rights. We should follow the principle of balance of interests, the principle of substantive fairness, encourage the principle of innovation, and adhere to the principle of preventing abuse and international cooperation, and seek for harmonious development in the prevention and cooperation. Third, the choice of legislation should be combined with the actual legal and external environment of our country, and it is not suitable for the special law mode to be transferred directly to the patent law by the protection of variety rights. On the basis of the registration of the genetic resources ownership of genetically modified crops, fourth, the system construction of genetic resources protection and utilization should be carried out, including the prior informed consent system, the benefit sharing system, the community common management system, the ecological compensation system, the right relief system, and so on; fifth, The rights of farmers as the basis and the framework of genetic resources should be injected into the public concept of community development rights. Through community sharing system system, the two-way interactive development approach of genetically modified crop genetic resources and intellectual property protection should be promoted.
Although the study of this paper touches the connotation, core and related system of genetic protection of genetically modified crops from multiple perspectives, but it is only a theoretical analysis and demonstration, it is still a new starting point. There are still many problems in theory and practice to be further studied and discussed. As a specific public product, genetically modified crops are not only a practical need to promote the development of the subject, but also an inevitable requirement of biological diversity. The protection of intellectual property rights of genetically modified crops should not only be limited to the traditional private law category, but should also be studied from the perspective of social overall interests to build a public security. The legal path of combining protection and utilization can truly realize the harmonious development of the organic combination of the right subject and object.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：D923.4

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