本文選題：PM2.5　切入點(diǎn)：污染治理　出處：《首都經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)》2013年碩士論文

【摘要】：近年來(lái)霧霾天氣的頻繁出現(xiàn)讓人們對(duì)一個(gè)名詞加深了了解——pm2.5。這是一種威脅現(xiàn)代都市居民身體健康的重要大氣污染物質(zhì)，而北京作為我國(guó)的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化中心和一座正在以迅猛態(tài)勢(shì)成長(zhǎng)的國(guó)際化都市，其PM2.5污染的現(xiàn)狀尤為突出，這無(wú)疑為這所擁有龐大的人口數(shù)量和復(fù)雜的交通網(wǎng)絡(luò)的城市蒙上一層陰影，嚴(yán)重影響了首都人民的正常生活和社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。2012年2月29日，《環(huán)境空氣質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》(GB3095-2012)作為國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)正式發(fā)布，為配合其實(shí)施，《環(huán)境空氣質(zhì)量指數(shù)(AQI)技術(shù)規(guī)定(試行)》也同天問(wèn)世。至此，自去年就開(kāi)始被公眾關(guān)注和熱議的PM2.5終于成為國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。然而，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的頒布只是萬(wàn)里長(zhǎng)征的第一步，接下來(lái)的如何實(shí)施、如何實(shí)現(xiàn)綠色引領(lǐng)目標(biāo)等則是更加艱巨和復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)工程。本文由引言、正文、結(jié)論三部分組成。正文由四部分組成，主要內(nèi)容如下： 第一部分：PM2.5大氣污染相關(guān)知識(shí)的簡(jiǎn)析 Pm2.5是空氣動(dòng)力學(xué)直徑小于2.5μm的顆粒物質(zhì)，，又稱(chēng)為細(xì)顆粒物，這個(gè)概念于1997年由美國(guó)提出，當(dāng)時(shí)主要是為了監(jiān)測(cè)工業(yè)排放的廢氣中所含有害的細(xì)小顆粒物。PM2.5大氣污染源主要分為兩種，一是人為因素污染源，二是自然因素污染源。人為因素的污染源主要指人類(lèi)的各種生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)如日常生活垃圾的焚燒、工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中煤炭的使用和金屬冶煉、電力生產(chǎn)、汽車(chē)等交通工具的使用過(guò)程中經(jīng)過(guò)燃燒所排放的廢氣。自然因素污染源主要指細(xì)菌、植物花粉、土壤揚(yáng)塵等，同時(shí)自然災(zāi)害事件也會(huì)造成PM2.5大氣污染。PM2.5大氣污染的危害主要分為三個(gè)方面，一是對(duì)人體的危害，PM2.5會(huì)導(dǎo)致肺炎、心臟病等疾病的產(chǎn)生和惡化，影響身體健康，增肌死亡率。二是對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響，由于PM2.5的原因?qū)е碌脑缢涝斐闪藝?yán)重的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失，同時(shí)也有可能影響我國(guó)的對(duì)外貿(mào)易。三是對(duì)交通的影響，PM2.5能夠降低大氣能見(jiàn)度，阻礙交通通暢運(yùn)行，危害駕駛員身體健康，增加交通事故概率。 第二部分：國(guó)外關(guān)于PM2.5的治理具體立法實(shí)踐 美國(guó)于1955年制定了空氣污染控制法，這是美國(guó)第一部聯(lián)邦控制法規(guī)，之后又頒布了《空氣清潔法1963》、《空氣質(zhì)量法1967》等。1970年美國(guó)制定了《清潔空氣法》，同年美國(guó)環(huán)保局成立，經(jīng)過(guò)半個(gè)世紀(jì)的修訂完善，該法成為美國(guó)大氣污染防治的基本法律依據(jù)。1971年美國(guó)首次制定了顆粒物環(huán)境空氣質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)TSP，1987年開(kāi)始制定實(shí)施PM10環(huán)境空氣質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，之后又于1997年制定了PM2.5環(huán)境空氣質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，但在客觀實(shí)踐中并沒(méi)有得到有效貫徹，直到2006年才嚴(yán)格PM2.5標(biāo)準(zhǔn)限值。美國(guó)為改善環(huán)境空氣質(zhì)量實(shí)施了一系列措施，如美國(guó)制定了適用全國(guó)的統(tǒng)一環(huán)境空氣質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，由各州根據(jù)自身情況制定實(shí)施計(jì)劃以確保達(dá)到環(huán)境空氣質(zhì)量的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求，提出能見(jiàn)度保護(hù)計(jì)劃，強(qiáng)制確保區(qū)域的能見(jiàn)度，建立區(qū)域協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制，加強(qiáng)環(huán)境污染區(qū)的州與州之間的合作，建立前置許可證制度，確立了公益訴訟制度和環(huán)境信息公開(kāi)制度等。在交通污染治理方面大力鼓勵(lì)發(fā)展公共交通，加大改善交通污染治理的財(cái)政投入等，例如2009年紐約《自行車(chē)交通法》鼓勵(lì)市民騎自行車(chē)上下班，提供大量的自行車(chē)停車(chē)架，增加了自行車(chē)信道長(zhǎng)度。 1962年日本通過(guò)了第一部全國(guó)性的大氣污染防治法《煤煙控制法1962》，該法強(qiáng)調(diào)以石油代替煤炭，推廣采用除塵設(shè)備。1968年日本制定了《大氣污染防治法1968》，之后又經(jīng)過(guò)了多次修訂，最終確立了大氣污染總量控制制度。1993年頒布了《機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)NOX控制法》,加強(qiáng)對(duì)機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)尾氣控制。2003年?yáng)|京都制定了日本第一個(gè)對(duì)PM2.5以下顆粒的地方性立法，之后全國(guó)各地進(jìn)行了相關(guān)立法，但至今日本還未正式實(shí)施PM2.5防治法。目前東京都實(shí)施的PM2.5標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是亞洲最嚴(yán)格的，日均不超過(guò)35微克，年均不超過(guò)15微克。日本建立了大氣污染總量控制制度，嚴(yán)格企業(yè)排污限量，建立了補(bǔ)助金制度、環(huán)境信息公開(kāi)制度，實(shí)施稅收優(yōu)惠政策。在城市交通立法和建設(shè)方面，設(shè)置了大量公共汽車(chē)專(zhuān)用通道，公交站點(diǎn)、軌道站點(diǎn)和交通樞紐銜接緊密，換乘簡(jiǎn)便。東京停車(chē)費(fèi)昂貴，2006年，東京警視廳聘用民間監(jiān)督員治理亂停車(chē)，交通建設(shè)富有人文理念，交通執(zhí)法嚴(yán)格，公民交通意識(shí)良好，提倡綠色能源動(dòng)力交通工具的使用，推廣購(gòu)買(mǎi)環(huán)保車(chē)型，對(duì)環(huán)保車(chē)采取減稅減路費(fèi)的政策等。 英國(guó)于1956年通過(guò)了世界上第一部空氣污染防治法案——《清潔空氣法案》，該法案規(guī)定了一系列與市民生活緊密相關(guān)的事項(xiàng)，例如強(qiáng)制城內(nèi)的電廠關(guān)閉；要求工業(yè)企業(yè)增加煙囪高度；開(kāi)發(fā)煤炭用量少的新型爐灶；普及天然氣的使用等等。在城市交通污染方面，英國(guó)著重拓展公共交通，大力推行地鐵建設(shè)。政府還加大普及無(wú)鉛汽油的力度，并要求年檢的汽車(chē)排放尾氣所含的一氧化碳、氮氧化物、碳?xì)浠锏任镔|(zhì)在檢測(cè)時(shí)達(dá)標(biāo)。從1993年開(kāi)始，政府增添了對(duì)所有新車(chē)，只要是在英國(guó)出售的就必須安裝可以減少氮氧化物排放的催化器的要求。到了2003年，又對(duì)進(jìn)入市中心的私車(chē)征收“擁堵費(fèi)”。此外，英國(guó)的燃油稅率在歐美屬最高，在每公升汽油的價(jià)格中占90%之高，這也是限制汽車(chē)使用的重要措施之一。2007年，英國(guó)在《空氣質(zhì)量戰(zhàn)略》中新增了對(duì)可吸入顆粒物PM2.5的監(jiān)控要求，截止到2011年，類(lèi)似監(jiān)測(cè)站點(diǎn)先后增加了幾十個(gè)。《空氣質(zhì)量戰(zhàn)略》還提出爭(zhēng)取在2020年前將空氣中PM2.5的年平均濃度控制在每立方米25微克以下，希望可以借此改善空氣質(zhì)量。英國(guó)于1992年制定了《環(huán)境信息條例1992》，于2000年制定了《信息自由法》，2004年又對(duì)《環(huán)境信息條例1992》進(jìn)行了修訂�！缎畔⒆杂煞�2000》和《環(huán)境信息條例2004》確保了英國(guó)民眾環(huán)境知情權(quán)的實(shí)現(xiàn)。 第三部分：北京市PM2.5的治理現(xiàn)狀與不足的評(píng)析 2012年民間環(huán)保組織自然之友公布了我國(guó)各主要城市的空氣質(zhì)量排名，其中北京排名倒數(shù)第三，北京PM2.5空氣污染嚴(yán)重。北京市PM2.5來(lái)源構(gòu)成中，機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)排放占22%以上；煤炭燃燒約占17%；施工帶來(lái)的揚(yáng)塵約占16%；工業(yè)揮發(fā)約占16%以上；農(nóng)村的養(yǎng)殖、基礎(chǔ)焚燒占4.5%；周邊省市影響占24.5%。由此我們得出,北京市PM2.5的形成很重要的原因就是機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)尾氣排放。北京市PM2.5治理中的重點(diǎn)交通問(wèn)題主要是機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)保有量增長(zhǎng)壓力大，公共交通出行比相對(duì)較低，城市道路網(wǎng)絡(luò)覆蓋面小，交通管理混亂，交通環(huán)境問(wèn)題嚴(yán)重。北京PM2.5治理中存在諸多不足，首先發(fā)展理念滯后，經(jīng)濟(jì)的高速發(fā)展沒(méi)有同步于環(huán)境的保護(hù)，政府應(yīng)將工作的重點(diǎn)從GDP的增長(zhǎng)向環(huán)境保護(hù)均衡轉(zhuǎn)移。相關(guān)環(huán)境立法上的不足，憲法沒(méi)有確認(rèn)公民環(huán)境權(quán)，《環(huán)境保護(hù)法》局限性明顯，不能發(fā)揮環(huán)境保護(hù)基本法地位作用，《大氣污染防治法》不能有效應(yīng)對(duì)現(xiàn)今的PM2.5區(qū)域大氣污染問(wèn)題。在環(huán)保責(zé)任承擔(dān)，政府、企業(yè)環(huán)保責(zé)任承擔(dān)不足，缺乏公眾環(huán)保參與、環(huán)保意識(shí)薄弱。相關(guān)配套制度也不完善，如環(huán)境公益訴訟制度、環(huán)境信息公開(kāi)制度等。 第四部分：北京市PM2.5治理對(duì)策首先要轉(zhuǎn)變社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展理念，建立生態(tài)文明和諧發(fā)展理念和推廣綠色GDP經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)理念。其次，完善我國(guó)現(xiàn)有法律體系的不足，確立公民環(huán)境權(quán)，進(jìn)一步完善《環(huán)境保護(hù)法》，修訂《大氣污染防治法》。再次，建立完善的政府環(huán)保問(wèn)責(zé)機(jī)制落實(shí)環(huán)保責(zé)任承擔(dān)，政府環(huán)保責(zé)任法制化，建立科學(xué)的環(huán)�？�(jī)效考核制度。加強(qiáng)企業(yè)環(huán)保責(zé)任承擔(dān)監(jiān)督與激勵(lì)，健全關(guān)乎企業(yè)環(huán)保責(zé)任的法律法規(guī)，加快實(shí)施環(huán)保能效標(biāo)識(shí)制度，加大知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)力度，保護(hù)有利于環(huán)境保護(hù)的新產(chǎn)品研發(fā)，靈活運(yùn)用稅收激勵(lì)機(jī)制，完善排污交易市場(chǎng)，提高排污費(fèi)用。最后，完善配套制度，建立真正意義上的環(huán)境公益訴訟制度，完善環(huán)境信息公開(kāi)監(jiān)督制度，建構(gòu)大氣污染區(qū)域協(xié)防制度。加大環(huán)境保護(hù)財(cái)政投入和環(huán)境科技投入，加強(qiáng)國(guó)際合作和公民環(huán)保參與。
[Abstract]:In recent years, frequent fog and haze appear so that the people of a noun to deepen the understanding of pm2.5. which is an important pollutant in the atmosphere of modern urban residents health threat, and Beijing as China's political, economic and cultural center and a rapid growth trend is to the international metropolis, the status of PM2.5 pollution is this is undoubtedly the highlight, has a huge population and complex traffic network city cast a shadow, which affect the sustainable development of the capital of the.2012 people's normal life and social economy in February 29th, "ambient air quality standard" (GB3095-2012) as the national standard officially released, with its implementation. "Ambient air quality index (AQI) technical regulations (Trial)" is the same day come out. So far, since last year by the public concern and hot PM2.5 finally become a national standard. However, standard Issued just the first step in a long march, then how to implement, how to realize the goal of green lead is more difficult and complicated system engineering. This thesis is composed of preface, text, conclusion of three parts. The main body consists of four parts, the main contents are as follows:
The first part: a brief analysis of PM2.5 air pollution related knowledge
Pm2.5 is the aerodynamic particles with diameter of less than 2.5 m, and the fine particles called, this concept proposed by the United States in 1997, when the main fine particles of.PM2.5 atmospheric pollution source for industrial emissions of exhaust gas monitoring in hazardous is mainly divided into two types, one is for the factors of pollution sources, two is the natural factors of pollution. The pollution source of human factors mainly refers to the burning of various human production activities such as daily life garbage, the use of coal and metal smelting industry, production of electric power production, use of vehicles in the exhaust gas after combustion emissions. Natural factors pollution mainly refers to bacteria, plant pollen at the same time, soil dust, harmful natural disasters also cause air pollution air pollution PM2.5.PM2.5 mainly divided into three aspects, one is the harm to human body, PM2.5 can lead to pneumonia, heart disease and other diseases The emergence and deterioration of health effects, increase muscle mortality. Two is the impact on the economy, due to premature death causes for PM2.5 caused serious economic losses, but also may affect China's foreign trade. The three is the impact on traffic, PM2.5 can reduce the atmospheric visibility, blocking traffic smooth operation. Harm the health of the driver, increasing the probability of traffic accidents.
The second part: the specific legislation practice on the governance of PM2.5 abroad
The United States Air Pollution Control Act in 1955, this is the first federal control regulations, and promulgated after the "Clean Air Act" 1963>, 1967>.1970 air quality law enacted in the United States, the "Clean Air Act", was founded in the same year the United States Environmental Protection Agency, after the revision and improvement of half a century, the law the United States has become the legal basis for the prevention and control of air pollution in the United States for the first time to develop the.1971 particles in the ambient air quality standards of TSP, 1987 began to develop the implementation of PM10 environmental air quality standards, and in 1997 established the PM2.5 ambient air quality standards, but has not been effectively carried out in practice, until 2006 the strict PM2.5 standard limit. The United States implemented a series of measures to improve the air quality of the environment, such as the United States has developed for the national unity of the ambient air quality standards, by the states according to their own situation to develop the implementation plan to To ensure that the required environmental air quality standard, put forward visibility protection plan, forced to ensure regional visibility, establish a regional coordination mechanism, strengthen the state environmental pollution area of cooperation, the establishment of pre license system, establishing public interest litigation and environmental information disclosure system. To encourage the development of public traffic in traffic pollution to improve the traffic pollution, increase the governance of financial input, such as the 2009 New York "bicycle traffic law > to encourage people to bike to work, to provide a large number of bicycle racks, increasing the channel length of bicycle.
Japan in 1962 through the first nationwide air pollution prevention law "soot control method 1962>, the method emphasizes the promotion of the use of Japanese oil instead of coal dust removal equipment.1968 years to develop a" air pollution prevention and control law of 1968>, then after several amendments, finally established the total atmospheric pollution control system.1993 promulgated "motor vehicle NOX control law >, to strengthen the control of vehicle emission in Tokyo.2003 have developed the first PM2.5 particle under the local legislation of Japan, across the country after the relevant legislation, but now Japan has not been formally implemented PM2.5 control law. At present, Tokyo implementation of the PM2.5 standard is the most stringent, the daily average of not more than 35 g, average no more than 15 micrograms. Japan has established the system of total control of air pollution, strict corporate emissions limits, set up the subsidy system, environmental information disclosure system, the implementation of the tax Preferential policies. In city traffic legislation and construction, set up a dedicated bus channel, bus station, railway station and transportation hub of the close connection of transfer is simple. Tokyo parking fees are expensive, 2006, Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department hired private parking management supervisor, transportation construction rich humanistic idea, traffic law enforcement strictly, citizen awareness of traffic good use, advocate green energy powered vehicles, promote purchase of environmentally friendly models, to take environmental protection car tax reduction toll policy.
The British by the world's first air pollution prevention act, "the clean air act in 1956, the Act provides a series of closely related with people's lives matters, such as the city forced the shutdown of the plant; requirements of industrial enterprises to increase the height of the chimney; the new stove development of coal consumption; the popularity of natural gas in use and so on. City traffic pollution, the UK focused on the development of public transportation, subway construction. The government also vigorously promote the efforts to increase the popularity of unleaded gasoline, and require the annual inspection of the automobile exhaust contains carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons such as material in the detection standard. From the beginning of 1993, the government added on all new cars, as long as it is sold in the UK must be installed can reduce the catalytic NOx emissions requirements. By 2003, to enter the city center private collection congestion charge. In addition, the fuel tax rate is the highest in Europe, in a litre of petrol prices accounted for 90%, which is one of the important measures to restrict the use of cars in the UK.2007, new requirements for monitoring of respirable particulate matter PM2.5 in "air quality strategy", by the end of 2011, similar to the monitoring site has increased dozens of air quality strategy. "Proposes to fight in 2020 before the control of PM2.5 in the air of the annual average concentration of 25 micrograms per cubic meter in the hope to improve air quality. The British established environmental information regulations 1992 < > in 1992, in 2000 to develop a" freedom of information act of 2004 "," environment the 1992> information was revised. The freedom of information act 2000> and 2004> < environmental information regulations to ensure the realization of the British public access to environmental information.
The third part: the current situation and lack of PM2.5 in Beijing
In 2012 the environmental NGO friends of nature announced a major city in China's air quality rankings, Beijing ranked third, Beijing PM2.5 air pollution. Beijing PM2.5 sources, vehicle emissions accounted for more than 22%; coal combustion accounted for about 17%; construction brings about 16% industrial dust volatilization accounted for more than 16%;; rural farming, basic incineration accounted for 4.5%; influence of neighboring provinces accounted for 24.5%. we can see, is a very important reason of motor vehicle exhaust emission in Beijing City, the formation of PM2.5. The key traffic problems in Beijing city in PM2.5 governance is the main vehicle ownership growth pressure, public transportation is relatively low, city road network coverage is small traffic, traffic management, serious environmental problems. The problems of Beijing PM2.5 governance, first development idea lags behind the rapid development of the economy is not synchronized to the ring Environmental protection, the government should focus the protection of equilibrium transfer from GDP growth to the environment. Lack of relevant environmental legislation, the Constitution does not confirm the environmental rights of citizens, "environmental protection law > obvious limitations, can not play the role of environmental protection law," the air pollution PM2.5 treatment can not effectively deal with regional problems. The prevention and control of atmospheric pollution. The government in responsibility, environmental responsibility, lack of corporate environmental responsibility, lack of public participation in environmental protection, environmental protection consciousness is weak. Do not improve the relevant supporting system, such as environmental public interest litigation, environmental information disclosure system.
The fourth part: Beijing city PM2.5 countermeasures must first change the social and economic development concept, the establishment of ecological civilization and promote the harmonious development of the concept of green GDP economic growth concept. Secondly, improve the shortcomings of our existing legal system, the establishment of the environmental rights of citizens, to further improve the "environmental protection law" amendment to the air pollution prevention and control law. Thirdly, establish improve the government environmental accountability mechanism to implement the environmental protection responsibility, government environmental responsibility legal system, the establishment of performance appraisal system of environmental protection science. To strengthen the corporate environmental responsibility of supervision and incentive, perfecting laws and regulations relating to corporate environmental responsibility, environmental protection and accelerate the implementation of energy efficiency labeling system, strengthen the protection of intellectual property rights protection, is conducive to environmental protection in the new product development, flexible use of tax incentive mechanism, improve the emissions trading market, improve the sewage charges. Finally, improve the supporting system, the establishment of real The system of environmental public interest litigation should be perfected, the supervision system of environmental information disclosure should be perfected, and the air pollution regional coordination system should be established. We should increase investment in environmental protection and environmental technology, and strengthen international cooperation and citizen participation in environmental protection.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：首都經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D922.68

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