本文選題：中美貿(mào)易　切入點(diǎn)：知識產(chǎn)權(quán)　出處：《東北財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)》2013年碩士論文

【摘要】：20世紀(jì)90年代,世界經(jīng)濟(jì)兩大突出的時(shí)代特征就是“經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化”和“知識經(jīng)濟(jì)”,兩者交融表現(xiàn)就是知識產(chǎn)權(quán),它已成為技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘的重要支撐,成為連接技術(shù)與經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易的紐帶。知識產(chǎn)權(quán)不僅滲透到貨物貿(mào)易和服務(wù)貿(mào)易之中,還逐漸發(fā)展成一種在全球范圍內(nèi)流動(dòng)的獨(dú)立的貿(mào)易活動(dòng)——知識產(chǎn)權(quán)貿(mào)易,并在國際貿(mào)易和國際投資中發(fā)揮著越來越重要的作用,在WTO框架之下,它上升成為國際貿(mào)易的三大支柱之一。在技術(shù)為導(dǎo)向的國際市場中,知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的排他性和固有的壟斷性使知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)成為一種貿(mào)易政策和壁壘,扭曲了發(fā)展中國家的正常經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展并對其進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易產(chǎn)生了巨大影響。 自中美建交以來,知識產(chǎn)權(quán)就是中美經(jīng)貿(mào)關(guān)系的一個(gè)重要組成部分,中美之間也從未停止過知識產(chǎn)權(quán)貿(mào)易爭端。上個(gè)世紀(jì)90年代末,美國貿(mào)易代表曾多次指出中國的國內(nèi)市場仿冒和盜版問題十分嚴(yán)重并給美國企業(yè)、個(gè)人造成了巨額經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。美國頻繁運(yùn)用“301條款”針對我國國內(nèi)知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)問題向我國政府施壓,并進(jìn)行貿(mào)易報(bào)復(fù)和制裁,兩國經(jīng)貿(mào)關(guān)系一度十分緊張。這期間雙方主要通過磋商的方式解決兩國之間的爭議,并達(dá)成了多份知識產(chǎn)權(quán)諒解備忘錄。通過這種方式,兩國在知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)領(lǐng)域的矛盾與摩擦有效地得到了化解。 入世以后,中美兩國的貿(mào)易日益頻繁,規(guī)模日益擴(kuò)大,美國對華貿(mào)易逆差逐年增加,貿(mào)易摩擦也隨之不斷積累,尤其是在知識產(chǎn)權(quán)領(lǐng)域的爭端不斷升級。美國作為世界上最大的發(fā)達(dá)國家,有著最嚴(yán)格的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)和完善的相關(guān)法律法規(guī),貿(mào)易體制高度立法化。而中國作為一個(gè)發(fā)展中的大國,知識產(chǎn)權(quán)法律起步較晚,仍處于尚未成熟的階段,不可能完全達(dá)到美國同樣的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),立法、司法、執(zhí)法等方面還存在著許多漏洞。盡管入世后我國已經(jīng)從這些方面進(jìn)行了一系列的修改和補(bǔ)充,但美國對中國知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)現(xiàn)狀的不滿情緒有增無減。在中美知識產(chǎn)權(quán)貿(mào)易中,美國愈來愈多的轉(zhuǎn)向動(dòng)用“337條款”提起訴訟和談判,試圖通過337調(diào)查在其國內(nèi)市場筑起高高的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)壁壘,達(dá)到限制進(jìn)口中國產(chǎn)品的目的。中美知識產(chǎn)權(quán)貿(mào)易爭端愈演愈烈。 中美知識產(chǎn)權(quán)貿(mào)易爭端已經(jīng)嚴(yán)重?fù)p害了兩國的經(jīng)貿(mào)關(guān)系,由于爭端是在我國對外開放加深、中美經(jīng)貿(mào)關(guān)系迅速發(fā)展中而生,所以我們應(yīng)該在保持中美經(jīng)貿(mào)關(guān)系繼續(xù)發(fā)展中解決分歧。我們需要建立一個(gè)由政府、行業(yè)及企業(yè)構(gòu)成的系統(tǒng)性體系,三者聯(lián)手協(xié)作,提高我國出口商品競爭力,從根本上減少和化解外貿(mào)知識產(chǎn)權(quán)爭端,方能使我國在國際知識產(chǎn)權(quán)戰(zhàn)略中占據(jù)制高點(diǎn)。 本文主要闡述了美國與知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)密切相關(guān)的法律條款貿(mào)易法“301條款”和關(guān)稅法“337條款”的法律變革、主要內(nèi)容和特點(diǎn),并將這兩個(gè)條款進(jìn)行比較,分析了美國對華越來越多地由動(dòng)用“301條款”轉(zhuǎn)向“337條款”、即由保護(hù)本國產(chǎn)品在國外市場的利益為主轉(zhuǎn)向了限制外國產(chǎn)品進(jìn)入其市場為主的原因,這一轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槲覈a(chǎn)品進(jìn)入美國市場設(shè)置了重大的障礙,必須認(rèn)真對待。并且探討了中美知識產(chǎn)權(quán)貿(mào)易爭端不斷的原因,認(rèn)為不僅歸咎于美國自身經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治等多方面因素,中國也存在多方面的責(zé)任。最后,根據(jù)前面的分析,對解決爭端措施從政府和企業(yè)兩個(gè)層面提出了一些解決措施,認(rèn)為政府應(yīng)該加強(qiáng)法律建設(shè)和提高執(zhí)法力度、實(shí)施知識產(chǎn)權(quán)戰(zhàn)略等,提供一個(gè)良好的政策和法律環(huán)境；企業(yè)應(yīng)該提高知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)意識、增強(qiáng)自主創(chuàng)新能力、培養(yǎng)應(yīng)訴技巧,積極應(yīng)對美國訴訟,并且建立預(yù)警機(jī)制做到未雨綢繆。
[Abstract]:In 1990s, the era of the two prominent features of the world economy is "economic globalization" and "knowledge economy" and the combination of the two is intellectual property, it has become an important support for the technical standards and technical barriers to trade, become connecting technology and economic and trade ties. Intellectual property rights not only to infiltrate the trade of goods and services. Has gradually developed into a flow in the global scope of the independent trade -- property rights trade knowledge, and in the international trade and international investment plays an increasingly important role, in the WTO framework, it has risen to become one of the three pillars of international trade in technology oriented international market, monopoly of the exclusivity of intellectual property and inherent to the protection of intellectual property rights has become a kind of trade policy and trade barriers, the normal economic development of developing countries and the distortion of the import and export trade It has a great impact.
Since the establishment of diplomatic relations, an important part of intellectual property rights is the Sino US economic and trade relations between China and the US, have never stopped the intellectual property trade disputes. The last century at the end of 90s, the United States trade representative has repeatedly pointed out Chinese domestic market counterfeiting and piracy problem is very serious and give us businesses, individuals caused huge economic losses. The frequent use of "section 301" to solve the problem of domestic intellectual property protection in China to put pressure on the government of China, and trade retaliation and sanctions, bilateral economic and trade relations were strained. During this period both sides through consultations way to solve disputes between the two countries, and reached a memorandum of understanding on intellectual property rights. In this way, the two countries in the protection of intellectual property rights conflict and friction field effectively has been resolved.
After entering WTO, Sino US trade has become increasingly frequent, the increasing size, the US trade deficit with China has increased year by year, trade friction also will continue to accumulate, especially in the field of intellectual property dispute escalated. In developed countries the United States as the world's largest, with the most stringent protection of intellectual property rights and perfect relevant laws and regulations. The legislation of the trade system. And the China height as a developing country, intellectual property law started late, is still in the immature stage, can not fully meet the same standards, legislation, law enforcement and other aspects, there are still many loopholes. Although after China's entry into WTO from these aspects a series of modifications and additions, but the United States on the current situation of intellectual property protection Chinese discontent unabated. In Sino US intellectual property rights trade, the United States more and more to use "337 "Litigation" and "negotiation", trying to build up high intellectual property barriers through the 337 investigation in China's domestic market to achieve the goal of restricting the import of Chinese products. Sino US intellectual property rights trade disputes intensified.
Sino US intellectual property rights disputes have seriously damaged the trade relations between the two countries, due to the dispute is to deepen in the reform and opening up, the rapid development of Sino US economic and trade relations and health, so we should keep on Sino US economic and trade relations continue to resolve differences in development. We need to establish a government, industry and enterprises constitute the system of the system. Three collaboration, improve the competitiveness of China's export commodities trade, reduce and resolve intellectual property disputes fundamentally, in order to make our country occupy a commanding position in the international intellectual property strategy.
This paper mainly expounds the legal reform of legal provisions "American Trade Law and the protection of intellectual property rights is closely related to the 301 provisions of Customs Law" and "337 clause", the main content and features, and compares these two terms, analyzes American China increasingly by the use of "section 301" to "337 clause". That is to protect their own products in the foreign market interest to the reason to limit foreign products to enter the market, this shift to a set of major obstacles of China's products to enter the American market, must be taken seriously. And discusses the Sino US intellectual property trade dispute reason, that is not only attributed to the American economy, politics etc. a number of factors, Chinese also has many responsibilities. Finally, according to the above analysis, put forward some solutions to solve the dispute two measures from the government and enterprise level, Think that the government should strengthen the legal construction and the improvement of law enforcement, the implementation of intellectual property strategy, provide a good policy and legal environment; enterprises should enhance the awareness of IPR protection, enhance the capability of independent innovation, cultivating responding skills, actively respond to the suit in the United States, and the establishment of early warning mechanism to take precautions.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：F752.7;F757.12;F204

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