本文選題：微生物采油　切入點(diǎn)：表面活性劑　出處：《西北大學(xué)》2014年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：微生物采油技術(shù)(Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery, MEOR)是利用微生物的代謝產(chǎn)物和代謝活動(dòng)改變油藏開(kāi)采條件,提升油井采收率的三次采油手段。MEOR技術(shù)因其低能耗、環(huán)保、可持續(xù)的優(yōu)勢(shì)在國(guó)外得到長(zhǎng)期的發(fā)展,但由于其機(jī)制復(fù)雜,該領(lǐng)域的研究仍有廣闊的空間。隨著國(guó)內(nèi)油田對(duì)提高采收率的需求日益迫切,發(fā)展自主知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的微生物采油技術(shù)對(duì)打破國(guó)外技術(shù)壟斷、提高原油產(chǎn)量具有重要的戰(zhàn)略意義。本文主要通過(guò)多輪篩選得到MEOR潛力較大的細(xì)菌和酵母,初步優(yōu)化了其產(chǎn)表面活性劑的發(fā)酵條件和培養(yǎng)基,實(shí)施了工業(yè)化發(fā)酵試驗(yàn)生產(chǎn)出20m3的發(fā)酵液,最終進(jìn)行了油井現(xiàn)場(chǎng)驅(qū)油的嘗試。 完成的主要工作有：從陜北油田某區(qū)塊多個(gè)油井的油水樣中富集、分離出細(xì)菌和酵母等微生物；通過(guò)形態(tài)觀察和生理生化特點(diǎn)初步確定種類,針對(duì)不同類別菌株設(shè)計(jì)篩選培養(yǎng)基,篩選出能乳化原油并能大量產(chǎn)氣的假單胞菌、產(chǎn)表面活性劑性能突出的芽孢桿菌和高效降解長(zhǎng)鏈烷烴的酵母；通過(guò)平皿排油圈法、毛細(xì)管法衡量所得三類菌株生產(chǎn)表面活性劑相對(duì)產(chǎn)量,利用單因素單水平實(shí)驗(yàn)確定了產(chǎn)表活培養(yǎng)基最適的碳源、氮源和生長(zhǎng)因子,再通過(guò)正交試驗(yàn)對(duì)發(fā)酵培養(yǎng)基配方進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化；使用5L發(fā)酵罐進(jìn)行小試研究,確定各菌株發(fā)酵過(guò)程中菌體量、表活產(chǎn)量、pH等參數(shù)的動(dòng)力曲線,為大規(guī)模發(fā)酵生產(chǎn)提供參考；利用容量10m3的發(fā)酵罐生產(chǎn)了20m3微生物趨油菌劑,隨后將菌劑運(yùn)送到采油現(xiàn)場(chǎng)進(jìn)行趨油施工,對(duì)原油采收率進(jìn)行觀測(cè)以評(píng)估菌劑的實(shí)際效果。 實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果為：篩選出了一株假單胞菌P1、芽孢桿菌B1和酵母Y1；假單胞菌P1、芽孢桿菌B1和酵母菌Y1產(chǎn)生的不同表面活性劑均能顯著降低水的表面張力,乳化試驗(yàn)和浸油試驗(yàn)證實(shí)了表活培養(yǎng)物從砂巖介質(zhì)釋放殘余油的功效；P1和Y1降解長(zhǎng)鏈烷烴的能力較強(qiáng),固體石蠟的降解率分別為9.1%和25.4%；史氏發(fā)酵管培養(yǎng)表明P1以蔗糖為碳源產(chǎn)氣迅速,具備增加油藏壓力的潛力；優(yōu)化后的假單胞產(chǎn)表活培養(yǎng)基使用植物油和蔗糖為碳源,縮減了發(fā)酵原料的成本；芽孢菌產(chǎn)表活培養(yǎng)基的優(yōu)化,得到了以更廉價(jià)易得的碳源、氮源和生長(zhǎng)因子為組分的配方,使大規(guī)模發(fā)酵生產(chǎn)的原料成本得以降低；通過(guò)小試和大規(guī)模發(fā)酵的實(shí)踐,初步總結(jié)出一次投料發(fā)酵生產(chǎn)表活的工藝流程；油田試驗(yàn)中,混合微生物菌劑以水驅(qū)的方式作用油層,使8口井中的6口實(shí)現(xiàn)了不同程度的增產(chǎn),累計(jì)增油303.46t。
[Abstract]:Microbial Enhanced Oil recovery (MEORO) is a kind of tertiary oil recovery technology, which uses microbial metabolites and metabolic activities to change reservoir production conditions and enhance oil recovery efficiency because of its low energy consumption and environmental protection. The sustainable advantage has been developed for a long time abroad, but because of its complex mechanism, there is still wide space for research in this field. The development of microbial oil recovery technology with independent intellectual property rights is of great strategic significance in breaking the foreign technological monopoly and increasing crude oil production. In this paper, bacteria and yeast with great potential of MEOR are obtained through multiple rounds of screening. The fermentation conditions and medium for surfactant production were preliminarily optimized, and 20 m3 fermentation broth was produced by industrial fermentation experiment. Finally, the oil well field oil displacement was attempted. The main works accomplished include: enriching and separating bacteria, yeast and other microbes from oil and water samples from many wells in a certain block of North Shaanxi Oilfield; preliminarily determining the types of microbes through morphological observation and physiological and biochemical characteristics. A screening medium was designed for different strains to screen out Pseudomonas that can emulsify crude oil and produce large amounts of gas, Bacillus sp. with outstanding surfactant production and yeast that can efficiently degrade long chain alkanes. The relative yield of surfactant was measured by capillary method. The optimum carbon source, nitrogen source and growth factor were determined by single factor and single level experiment. The fermentation medium formula was further optimized by orthogonal test, and the dynamic curves of the parameters such as biomass quantity, viable yield and pH were determined by using 5L fermenter to provide reference for large-scale fermentation. A 20m3 microbial oil-trap was produced in a fermenter with a capacity of 10m3, and then the microbial agent was transported to the oil recovery site for oil trap construction. The oil recovery was observed to evaluate the actual effect of the microbial agent. The results were as follows: a strain of Pseudomonas P1, Bacillus sp. B1 and yeast Y1 was screened, and the surface tension of water was significantly reduced by different surfactants produced by Pseudomonas P1, Bacillus sp. B1 and yeast Y1. The emulsification test and oil leaching test proved that the surface active culture could release residual oil from sandstone medium and the ability of P1 and Y1 to degrade long chain alkanes was stronger. The degradation rates of solid paraffin wax were 9.1% and 25.4, respectively. The results showed that P1 produced gas rapidly with sucrose as carbon source, which had the potential to increase reservoir pressure, and the optimized pseudomonas apparent living medium used vegetable oil and sucrose as carbon source. The cost of fermentation raw materials was reduced, and the optimum medium for the production of Bacillus sp. was optimized to obtain the formula with cheaper and easier carbon source, nitrogen source and growth factor, so that the cost of raw materials for large-scale fermentation production could be reduced. Through the practice of small scale test and large scale fermentation, the process flow of one feed fermentation production surface was preliminarily summed up, and the mixed microbial bacteria agent acted on the reservoir in the oil field test in the way of water drive. Six of the 8 wells have achieved different degree of production increase, and the accumulative oil increase is 303.46 t.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西北大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：TE357.9

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