本文關(guān)鍵詞： 版權(quán)制度 異化 價(jià)值 表現(xiàn) 原因 揚(yáng)棄　出處：《西南政法大學(xué)》2015年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：版權(quán)制度自誕生以來,便在保障權(quán)利人個(gè)人利益與促進(jìn)社會(huì)公共利益之間進(jìn)行博弈。隨著國際經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化的不斷推進(jìn),發(fā)達(dá)國家利用其經(jīng)濟(jì)優(yōu)勢將少數(shù)人利益訴求制度化,將國內(nèi)版權(quán)制度國際化,使版權(quán)制度逐漸出現(xiàn)背離其促進(jìn)公共利益發(fā)展的根本價(jià)值取向的異化趨勢。本文目的在于深入探討版權(quán)法律制度的價(jià)值取向問題,通過多種研究方法,從異化角度分析版權(quán)制度的本來價(jià)值,并希望借此引起人們對版權(quán)制度異化現(xiàn)象的重視和警惕,共同研究促進(jìn)版權(quán)制度正常發(fā)展的對策。本文共分七部分,除緒論和結(jié)論以外,另有五章。緒論部分闡述了本文的研究意義、選題的國內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀、研究方法與創(chuàng)新之處。對于版權(quán)制度異化問題的研究,有助于人們更加深入地認(rèn)識(shí)版權(quán)制度真正的價(jià)值取向,深刻分析生活中出現(xiàn)的版權(quán)過度保護(hù)、私權(quán)侵害公益的現(xiàn)象,并通過現(xiàn)象認(rèn)識(shí)到版權(quán)制度異化的本質(zhì),引起人們對版權(quán)制度完善的新思考。在哲學(xué)領(lǐng)域,異化是一個(gè)研究頗多的問題,但在法學(xué)領(lǐng)域則相對較少,關(guān)于知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)制度尤其是版權(quán)制度異化問題僅有零星研究,缺乏系統(tǒng)性。運(yùn)用哲學(xué)領(lǐng)域的異化理論對版權(quán)制度進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)分析是法學(xué)方法論上的嘗試。第一章分析了異化的哲學(xué)淵源和相關(guān)基礎(chǔ)理論。在哲學(xué)領(lǐng)域,異化是指事物對自身本質(zhì)的否定或者分離與背離。歷史上,黑格爾、費(fèi)爾巴哈和馬克思等著名哲學(xué)家都曾深入論及異化思想。從黑格爾的“客觀唯心主義+辯證法”的異化思想、費(fèi)爾巴哈的人本主義的異化思想,到馬克思的“辯證唯物主義”的異化思想和現(xiàn)代西方馬克思主義者們的多元異化思想,體現(xiàn)出異化思想從“形而上”到“形而下”、從抽象到具體的演變脈絡(luò)。法律制度異化理論就是運(yùn)用馬克思的社會(huì)關(guān)系異化理論分析法律制度而形成的衍生成果。在知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)制度異化理論中,存在諸多概念混淆之處,例如將異化與權(quán)利濫用、制度異化與權(quán)利異化等混為一談。異化與權(quán)利濫用不是一種現(xiàn)象,權(quán)利異化說也屬誤用,真正科學(xué)的用法是制度異化。版權(quán)制度異化指版權(quán)制度的設(shè)計(jì)與運(yùn)行逐漸偏離版權(quán)制度的根本價(jià)值,走向自己對立面的現(xiàn)象,它是一個(gè)過程,具有相對性,其結(jié)果是對版權(quán)制度內(nèi)部協(xié)調(diào)性的破壞。第二章從文本表達(dá)和歷史視角兩個(gè)方面分析了版權(quán)制度的價(jià)值。法律的目的價(jià)值、形式價(jià)值與評(píng)價(jià)價(jià)值是一個(gè)統(tǒng)一體,但法律的目的價(jià)值是居于基礎(chǔ)和本源地位的,因?yàn)樗从持蓜?chuàng)制與實(shí)施的目的,描繪著社會(huì)關(guān)系的理想狀態(tài),同時(shí)界定權(quán)利義務(wù)的分配格局。從文本角度看,版權(quán)制度價(jià)值分為保障價(jià)值和促進(jìn)價(jià)值。保障價(jià)值體現(xiàn)為版權(quán)制度對權(quán)利人利益的保護(hù),促進(jìn)價(jià)值體現(xiàn)為促進(jìn)作品創(chuàng)作、傳播與社會(huì)文化的發(fā)展。保障價(jià)值是實(shí)現(xiàn)促進(jìn)價(jià)值的手段,促進(jìn)價(jià)值是保障價(jià)值的依歸。英美早期版權(quán)史表明,實(shí)現(xiàn)版權(quán)制度的保障價(jià)值是版權(quán)制度產(chǎn)生之初的目標(biāo),而促進(jìn)價(jià)值則是為實(shí)現(xiàn)個(gè)人私利的手段,隨著歷史的發(fā)展,促進(jìn)價(jià)值才逐漸轉(zhuǎn)化為版權(quán)制度的根本價(jià)值取向。從法的價(jià)值角度講,異化是版權(quán)制度對促進(jìn)價(jià)值的偏離甚至背離。第三章運(yùn)用比較研究法、歷史研究法和實(shí)證研究法,以中國版權(quán)法律制度為主,從版權(quán)的對象、內(nèi)容、保護(hù)期、合理使用、行政保護(hù)等五個(gè)方面分析了版權(quán)制度異化的具體表現(xiàn)。在版權(quán)制度中存在限制版權(quán)對象擴(kuò)張的法定原則和思想-表達(dá)兩分原則,中外版權(quán)制度史上都曾出現(xiàn)違背這兩大原則擴(kuò)張版權(quán)對象的現(xiàn)象。隨著科技的發(fā)展,更主要的是隨著版權(quán)人利益集團(tuán)的不斷爭取,著作財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)種類與內(nèi)容都呈擴(kuò)張之勢。多數(shù)國家在著作財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)擴(kuò)張過程中堅(jiān)持了內(nèi)容法定原則和封閉式立法模式,而中國在短短幾十年間將著作財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)種類擴(kuò)張了幾倍,并采取開放式立法模式,使著作財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)內(nèi)容從有限擴(kuò)張為無限。版權(quán)內(nèi)容擴(kuò)張的過程,從某種程度上講就是版權(quán)物權(quán)化的過程。技術(shù)措施的出現(xiàn),使版權(quán)物權(quán)化從擬制狀態(tài)變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實(shí)狀態(tài),特別是接觸控制措施,完全背離傳統(tǒng)版權(quán)價(jià)值,控制社會(huì)公眾接觸作品,影響作品傳播,其合法化是版權(quán)制度異化的極端表現(xiàn);版權(quán)保護(hù)期制度本是有利于實(shí)現(xiàn)版權(quán)制度促進(jìn)價(jià)值的制度設(shè)計(jì),過長的保護(hù)期是對公共利益的侵害和擠壓。從歷史上看,世界各國存在保護(hù)期延長偏好;從平均預(yù)期壽命和婦女平均生育年齡兩個(gè)方面考察,現(xiàn)行主流期限制度—自然人終生加死后五十年的保護(hù)期—在相當(dāng)長時(shí)期內(nèi)都大大超過了其最初設(shè)計(jì)目的,歐美等國家和地區(qū)在20世紀(jì)下半葉的版權(quán)延期運(yùn)動(dòng)將會(huì)對公共利益形成更多掠奪。合理使用制度本是實(shí)現(xiàn)版權(quán)制度促進(jìn)價(jià)值的平衡設(shè)計(jì),應(yīng)該隨著版權(quán)內(nèi)容的擴(kuò)張相應(yīng)擴(kuò)充,然而,我國版權(quán)法中的合理使用制度卻呈現(xiàn)相反的發(fā)展趨勢,不斷壓縮現(xiàn)有合理使用的適用范圍,同時(shí)在立法模式上采用封閉式立法,出現(xiàn)版權(quán)內(nèi)容與限制的失衡。從權(quán)利平等性角度講,版權(quán)應(yīng)與其他財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)受到相同程度的保護(hù),只有版權(quán)侵權(quán)行為同時(shí)損害公共利益時(shí)才能啟動(dòng)行政保護(hù)程序,而實(shí)踐中卻存在泛公共利益化甚至去公共利益化的趨勢,強(qiáng)化對版權(quán)的公法保護(hù),濫用公共資源保護(hù)私人利益。作為上層建筑的版權(quán)制度異化有著深刻的技術(shù)原因和經(jīng)濟(jì)原因。第四章運(yùn)用經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)與上層建筑間的關(guān)系原理,分別從技術(shù)發(fā)展、經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型對版權(quán)制度異化的作用兩個(gè)方面,闡述了版權(quán)制度異化的原因。在《安妮法》之后,照相技術(shù)、復(fù)印機(jī)技術(shù)、電影攝制技術(shù)、計(jì)算機(jī)信息技術(shù)的發(fā)明與改進(jìn),促進(jìn)了作品種類的增加,同時(shí)增加了公眾對作品的利用方式和利用效率,加劇了版權(quán)人與作品使用人間的利益沖突。中國在新技術(shù)應(yīng)用方面幾乎與國外同步,但在版權(quán)制度建設(shè)方面卻過于倉促,致其與國外版權(quán)制度形似而神異。資本主義的本質(zhì)是不斷擴(kuò)張資本并完成資本積累,追求蘊(yùn)含在無形產(chǎn)品中的利益最大化,在國內(nèi)外拓展作品消費(fèi)市場,便成為版權(quán)利益集團(tuán)不竭的動(dòng)力。在追求版權(quán)制度國際化過程中,作為版權(quán)制度輸入國的中國無論在市場經(jīng)濟(jì)土壤培育方面,還是在制度實(shí)踐和理論準(zhǔn)備方面都處于弱勢地位,無論是簽署雙邊協(xié)定還是加入國際公約,都首先以滿足施壓國家的利益需求為主,未曾注意到形式上的互惠帶來的實(shí)質(zhì)不公。外力壓迫下引入的版權(quán)制度,重形式而輕實(shí)質(zhì),重保障而輕促進(jìn),與中國的現(xiàn)實(shí)水土不服。與版權(quán)制度異化的表現(xiàn)相對應(yīng),第五章從版權(quán)對象、內(nèi)容、保護(hù)期、合理使用、行政保護(hù)等五個(gè)方面對我國異化版權(quán)制度的揚(yáng)棄問題做了探討。異化版權(quán)制度的揚(yáng)棄是指通過修訂立法使版權(quán)制度重新回到立足于、服務(wù)于實(shí)現(xiàn)版權(quán)制度促進(jìn)價(jià)值的正確方向的過程。在版權(quán)對象方面,我國版權(quán)制度應(yīng)該以封閉式立法模式規(guī)定版權(quán)對象,限定作品的構(gòu)成要件,明確規(guī)定思想-表達(dá)兩分法,并適度擴(kuò)大版權(quán)對象的排除領(lǐng)域。在版權(quán)內(nèi)容方面,我國也應(yīng)以封閉式立法模式規(guī)定版權(quán)內(nèi)容,可以增加規(guī)定追續(xù)權(quán)并應(yīng)當(dāng)擴(kuò)大合理規(guī)避措施范圍。在符合延及作者后兩代人的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)下,自然人作品的最佳保護(hù)期為婦女平均生育年齡的兩倍,而發(fā)表算法定期制的最佳保護(hù)期為作品發(fā)表后二十年,我國在今后幾十年都沒有必要延長保護(hù)期。我國應(yīng)當(dāng)在相關(guān)國際公約最低保護(hù)水平的基礎(chǔ)上,試行部分作品例如攝影作品和實(shí)用美術(shù)作品的短期續(xù)期制;在合理使用方面,版權(quán)法應(yīng)該構(gòu)建以三步檢驗(yàn)法為中心的開放式模式,修改或增加部分合理使用的具體情形;在版權(quán)的行政保護(hù)方面,我國行政機(jī)關(guān)應(yīng)當(dāng)嚴(yán)格遵循行政執(zhí)法的公共利益要件,掌握公共利益的判斷準(zhǔn)則,做到執(zhí)法為公。
[Abstract]:Since the birth of the copyright system, then the game between personal interests to protect human rights and promote public interests. With the integration of the international economy continues to advance, the developed countries use their economic advantages to the system demands of minority interests, the domestic copyright system internationalization, the copyright system has gradually appeared the trend of alienation from the promotion of public interest development the basic value orientation. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the value orientation of the legal system of the copyright, through a variety of research methods, analysis of the original value of the copyright system from the view of alienation, and hopes to arouse people's attention and vigilance on the copyright system of alienation, jointly study the countermeasures to promote the normal development of the copyright system. This paper is divided into seven parts. Besides the preface and the conclusion, and five chapters. The introduction part expounds the significance of this study, the research status of the topic at home and abroad, The research methods and innovations. Research on the copyright system of alienation, help people have a more in-depth understanding of the real value of the copyright system, a profound analysis of the life of the over protection of copyright, privacy against social phenomenon, and recognizing the essence through the phenomenon of alienation of the copyright system, causing people to think about the new copyright system. In the field of philosophy, alienation is a research issue in the field of law, but is relatively less, especially on the intellectual property system of copyright system alienation only sporadic research, lack of system. Using the philosophical theory of alienation to analyze the copyright system is an attempt of Jurisprudence methodology. The first chapter analysis the origin of philosophy and the related theory of alienation. In the field of philosophy, alienation refers to the things of their own nature or the negation of isolation and divergence. In history, Hagel Marx, Feuerbach and other famous philosophers have deep and alienation thought. From Hagel's "objective idealism + dialectics" theory of alienation, alienation of thought of Feuerbach's humanism, Marx's "dialectical materialism" alienation thought and modern western Marx doctrine have multiple alienation of thought, reflects the alienation from the thought of "metaphysical" to "shape", the evolution from the abstract to the concrete legal system. The theory of alienation is the use of Marx's theory of alienation of social relations and the formation of the legal system of derivative results. In the system of intellectual property alienation theory, there are many concepts of confusion, such as alienation and abuse of rights system right of alienation and alienation of alienation and confused. The abuse of rights is not a right of alienation phenomenon, said that it is misused, the real scientific usage is the system of alienation. The copyright system refers to the alienation of the fundamental value of design and operation of the copyright system is gradually deviated from the copyright system, to their opposite phenomenon, it is a process that is relative, the result is the coordination of the internal system of copyright damage. The second chapter analyzes the value of the copyright system from the text expression and historical visual angle two the value of law. The purpose, value and value evaluation form is a unity, but the purpose is the value of law is the foundation and source status, because it reflects the establishment and implementation of the law to depict the ideal state of social relations, the distribution pattern and define the rights and obligations of the text. From the perspective of copyright the system of value to promote the value for security value and security value. In order to protect the rights and interests of the copyright system, promote the value to promote the creation, dissemination and development of social insurance culture. The value is to realize the value of the barrier means, promote the value is the value that the protection of mind. That early history of Anglo American copyright, the copyright system to achieve security value is at the beginning of the objectives of the copyright system, and promote the value is to realize the personal interests of the means, along with the historical development, promote the value gradually transformed into fundamental value the orientation of the copyright system. From the view of the value of law, alienation is the copyright system to deviate from the value of the promotion even deviated from. In the third chapter, using the comparative research method, historical research method and empirical research method, to Chinese copyright legal system as the main object, from the copyright protection, content, reasonable use, five aspects of administration analysis of the specific performance of the copyright protection system of foreignization. In the copyright system in the legal principle and idea of limiting copyright expansion expression object dichotomy, the history of copyright system in China and foreign countries have appeared against The two principles of extending copyright object phenomenon. With the development of science and technology, especially with the copyright interests struggle, copyright types and content are expansion potential. Most of the countries in the copyright expansion process, adhere to the principle of legal content and closed the mode of legislation, and in Chinese just a few decades the copyright type expanded several times, and take the open mode of legislation, the copyright content from the finite to the infinite. The process of expansion of copyright content expansion, to a certain extent is the copyright right of the process. The technical measures of copyright, the property from the preparation of state variable for the real state, especially the access control measures, a complete departure from the traditional copyright value control, public contact work, affect the dissemination of works, its legalization is extreme manifestation of copyright system alienation; copyright protection system This is conducive to the realization of the copyright system to promote the system of design value, the protection period is too long is against the public interest and extrusion. Historically, countries around the world have extension preference; from two aspects the average life expectancy of women of childbearing age and the current mainstream period system, nature of human life and fifty years after the death of the protection period, in a quite long period of time has greatly exceeded its original design purpose, in the second half of twentieth Century, the copyright extension movement will Europe and other countries and regions to form more plunder of public interests. Rational use of the system is the realization of the copyright system to promote the balance of design value, with the expansion of the corresponding content of copyright should be however, it has expanded to the copyright law of our country in the system of rational use of the opposite trend of development, the scope of the rational use of existing continuous compression, at the same time in the legislative model. The closed type legislation, balance and restriction of copyright content. From the perspective of equal rights, copyright and other property rights should be protected by the same degree, only the copyright infringement and damages to start the administrative protection procedure of public interest, but in practice is the existence of public interests or even to pan the public interest tendency. To strengthen the protection of copyright law, the abuse of public resources to protect private interests. As the alienation of copyright system superstructure with profound reasons and economic reasons. The fourth chapter uses the principle of relationship between economic base and superstructure, respectively, from the development of technology, economic transformation on the two aspects of copyright system alienation effect, expounds the the reason of alienation in copyright system. "After the Anne law > camera technology, copier technology, film technology, the invention and improvement of computer information technology, promote the kinds of works The increase, while increasing the efficiency of public use and the way of work, exacerbated the conflict of interests of copyright owners and works with the world. Chinese in the application of new technology almost synchronized with foreign, but in terms of copyright system construction is too hasty, caused by the shape and foreign copyright system. The essence of capitalism is constantly heroic the expansion of capital and capital accumulation, the pursuit of the maximization of intangible products contained in the interests of the consumer market expansion works at home and abroad, has become the inexhaustible power of copyright interests. In the pursuit of the copyright system in the process of internationalization, as the copyright system enter the China in market economy to cultivate soil, or are in a weak position position in the system prepares the practical and theoretical aspects, whether to sign bilateral agreements or accession to international conventions, are the first to meet the pressure of national interest demand, not Ever notice form mutual bring the essence of injustice. The copyright system introduced under the external pressure, heavy and light form the essence of protection and promotion and the reality of Chinese light, corresponding to the copyright system. The climate does not suit one. alienation, the fifth chapter from the copyright object, content, protection, rational use, to do to investigate the sublation of five aspects of administrative protection on China's copyright system. The alienation of the copyright system is to discard alienation by revising the legislation to make copyright system based on the back, the process of service in the right direction to realize copyright system to promote the value of the object. In the copyright, the copyright system of our country should be closed to the legislative mode the provisions of copyright object, defining the important elements of the works, clear idea expression dichotomy, and expand the copyright object in the copyright field. Exclude content, China should also take closed mode of legislation regulation Set content, can increase the provisions of droit and reasonable measures to avoid the scope should be expanded. In accord with the standard of human and author after two generations, the best protection period of natural person works for two times the average age of the women in the family, and the best protection algorithm for regularly published works published for twenty years after I China in the coming decades are not necessary to extend the protection period. Our country should be based on the relevant international convention on the minimum level of protection, some works such as trial works and practical works of art photography short-term renewal system; in fair use, copyright law should establish the open mode to three step test as the center, modify or the specific circumstances of the rational use of the increased part; in the administrative protection of copyright in our country, the administrative organ shall strictly follow the requirements of public interests in administrative law enforcement, criterion of master of public interest, so that law enforcement For the public.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：D923.41

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