【摘要】：隨著環(huán)境污染形勢(shì)越來(lái)越嚴(yán)峻,我國(guó)傳統(tǒng)的環(huán)境污染治理模式已經(jīng)無(wú)法跟上當(dāng)前的治污發(fā)展要求,環(huán)境污染治理模式急需變革,以解決傳統(tǒng)環(huán)境污染治理中專(zhuān)業(yè)化水平、資金、人才隊(duì)伍等制約污染治理發(fā)展的問(wèn)題,為此我國(guó)在環(huán)境污染治理領(lǐng)域引入了先進(jìn)的第三方治理模式,讓第三方企業(yè)既專(zhuān)業(yè)化的環(huán)境服務(wù)公司進(jìn)入環(huán)境污染治理市場(chǎng)。第三方治理模式有著相較于傳統(tǒng)污染治理模式所不具有的巨大優(yōu)勢(shì),已經(jīng)成為全世界大多數(shù)國(guó)家應(yīng)對(duì)環(huán)境污染首選的治污模式。正是因?yàn)榈谌街卫砟Ｊ接兄渚薮蟮膬?yōu)越性,黨和國(guó)家近年來(lái)出臺(tái)了一系列的中央、政府文件來(lái)推廣環(huán)境污染第三方治理模式,希望第三方治理模式能解決我國(guó)日益嚴(yán)重的環(huán)境問(wèn)題�？墒�,我國(guó)在法律方面缺乏對(duì)于環(huán)境污染第三方治理這個(gè)新的治污模式的相關(guān)法律法規(guī),而現(xiàn)有的法律法規(guī)在面對(duì)環(huán)境污染第三方治理模式時(shí),不是顯得太籠統(tǒng)粗放,就是有些不合時(shí)宜,完善相關(guān)的法律法規(guī)尤其是關(guān)于民事主體責(zé)任的法律法規(guī)顯得非常重要。2015年新出臺(tái)的《環(huán)境保護(hù)法》通篇居然沒(méi)有第三方治理的字眼,但是不再?gòu)?qiáng)調(diào)誰(shuí)污染誰(shuí)治理原則,而是損害擔(dān)責(zé)原則,為環(huán)境污染第三方治理構(gòu)建了一個(gè)大的法律框架。雖然構(gòu)建了一個(gè)法律框架,但是對(duì)于環(huán)境污染第三方治理民事責(zé)任的相關(guān)問(wèn)題依然缺乏具體條文。在我國(guó)的環(huán)境保護(hù)法修訂后不久,就由國(guó)務(wù)院出臺(tái)了一個(gè)對(duì)于環(huán)境污染第三方治理模式提出具體開(kāi)展意見(jiàn)、明確發(fā)展目標(biāo)、為各省、直轄市結(jié)合本地區(qū)環(huán)境污染實(shí)際情況積極開(kāi)展第三方治理模式的指導(dǎo)性文件:《國(guó)務(wù)院辦公廳關(guān)于推行環(huán)境污染第三方治理的意見(jiàn)》(以下簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)“意見(jiàn)”)�！兑庖�(jiàn)》不僅在宏觀上、戰(zhàn)略層面進(jìn)行了指導(dǎo),還對(duì)于企業(yè)如何創(chuàng)新性開(kāi)展第三方治理,第三方治理市場(chǎng)著重點(diǎn)應(yīng)放在公用設(shè)施和工業(yè)園區(qū)等市場(chǎng)領(lǐng)域,以及第三方治理的組織實(shí)施完善、市場(chǎng)建設(shè)健全等方面做出了具體的微觀性的指導(dǎo)�？梢哉f(shuō)《意見(jiàn)》為第三方治理模式相關(guān)法律法規(guī)的出臺(tái)與完善搭建了一個(gè)框架。但是,意見(jiàn)畢竟不是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的行政法律法規(guī),它的法律效力較低,無(wú)法解決在引入環(huán)境污染第三方治理模式后,由于增加了環(huán)境服務(wù)公司這個(gè)新的民事主體,增加了排污企業(yè)和環(huán)境服務(wù)公司這一合同法律關(guān)系以及其他民事法律責(zé)任關(guān)系后,產(chǎn)生的一些現(xiàn)實(shí)性民事法律責(zé)任的問(wèn)題,如環(huán)境服務(wù)公司作為新的主體因沒(méi)有認(rèn)真履行環(huán)境服務(wù)合同造成環(huán)境污染,它應(yīng)承擔(dān)何種責(zé)任?無(wú)過(guò)錯(cuò)的排污企業(yè)是否還應(yīng)該承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任?環(huán)境服務(wù)公司與其他主體之間的民事法律責(zé)任關(guān)系?它與排污企業(yè)對(duì)外的責(zé)任承擔(dān)對(duì)內(nèi)責(zé)任分配問(wèn)題?這些都引發(fā)了理論界的廣泛思考,為此產(chǎn)生了幾種學(xué)說(shuō)爭(zhēng)論。這些也就是本文主要研究的環(huán)境污染第三方治理主體之間的民事法律責(zé)任問(wèn)題,在引入環(huán)境服務(wù)公司這一新主體后,排污企業(yè)與環(huán)境環(huán)境服務(wù)公司這個(gè)環(huán)境污染第三方治理主體兩者間內(nèi)部的法律責(zé)任關(guān)系,法律上的治理責(zé)任是否轉(zhuǎn)移?他們與環(huán)境受害方對(duì)外的法律關(guān)系,在發(fā)生環(huán)境侵權(quán)時(shí)候,兩者的歸責(zé)原則和彼此應(yīng)承擔(dān)的民事法律責(zé)任等問(wèn)題。在參考大量的文獻(xiàn)資料后,筆者先從環(huán)境污染第三方治理的概念、產(chǎn)生背景、相關(guān)的法律法規(guī)和文件入手,分析我國(guó)環(huán)境污染第三方治理模式的現(xiàn)狀和存在的法律問(wèn)題,然后筆者在前人的基礎(chǔ)上借鑒國(guó)外環(huán)境污染第三方治理的先進(jìn)經(jīng)驗(yàn),提出自己對(duì)于環(huán)境污染第三方治理民事責(zé)任問(wèn)題的一些淺薄意見(jiàn),希望能通過(guò)完善第三方治理模式的法律,明確民事責(zé)任分配等方面促進(jìn)這一新型的治污模式在我國(guó)的健康、可持續(xù)發(fā)展。本章正文分為五個(gè)部分:第一部分:環(huán)境污染第三方治理主體民事法律責(zé)任概述。在這一部分筆者主要介紹環(huán)境污染第三方治理的概念、背景、特征、傳統(tǒng)環(huán)境污染治理和第三方治理模式異同、民事法律責(zé)任概念、責(zé)任類(lèi)型,在引入第三方污染治理企業(yè)這一新主體后,排污方、環(huán)境服務(wù)公司與污染受害者三者之間民事法律責(zé)任關(guān)系。第二部分:我國(guó)環(huán)境污染第三方治理現(xiàn)狀分析。這一部分主要是梳理我國(guó)環(huán)境污染第三方治理涉及到的相關(guān)法律法規(guī)及文件。由于法律法規(guī)不完善,我國(guó)理論界關(guān)于環(huán)境污染第三方治理模式主體民事責(zé)任產(chǎn)生了哪些學(xué)說(shuō)爭(zhēng)論。第三部分:我國(guó)環(huán)境污染第三方治理民事責(zé)任問(wèn)題分析。我國(guó)環(huán)境污染第三方治理中法律法規(guī)在民事責(zé)任這一塊存在的一些問(wèn)題。由于民事責(zé)任不清導(dǎo)致我國(guó)環(huán)境污染第三方治理在法律完善、歸責(zé)制度制定以及政府監(jiān)管層面上又產(chǎn)生了哪些問(wèn)題,以及這些問(wèn)題所帶來(lái)的危害及給筆者的思考。第四部分:國(guó)外對(duì)于環(huán)境污染第三方治理先進(jìn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)及對(duì)我國(guó)的啟示。在這一部分主要介紹國(guó)外在環(huán)境污染第三方治理民事責(zé)任法律方面的先進(jìn)經(jīng)驗(yàn),以及如何通過(guò)完善的法律法規(guī)、制度促進(jìn)第三方治理健康發(fā)展的先進(jìn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)。這些先進(jìn)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)對(duì)我國(guó)的啟示分別有哪些。第五部分:完善我國(guó)環(huán)境污染第三方治理主體民事法律責(zé)任建議。在這一部分主要是筆者在前人的研究成果基礎(chǔ)上,結(jié)合國(guó)外的先進(jìn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)和對(duì)我國(guó)的啟示,依據(jù)我國(guó)的環(huán)境污染第三方治理的現(xiàn)狀和問(wèn)題,提出自己的建議,希望能從法律、制度層面對(duì)于民事責(zé)任的完善,減少第三方治理模式在發(fā)展當(dāng)中可能會(huì)遇到的困境,讓法律為第三方治理保駕護(hù)航。
[Abstract]:With the situation of environmental pollution becoming more and more serious, the traditional mode of environmental pollution control in our country has been unable to keep up with the current requirements of pollution control development. The mode of environmental pollution control needs to be changed urgently to solve the problems that restrict the development of pollution control in traditional environmental pollution control, such as the level of specialization, funds, and the contingent of talents. Advanced third-party governance model is introduced in the field of governance, which enables the third-party enterprises to enter the market of environmental pollution control. Compared with the traditional pollution control model, the third-party governance model has great advantages and has become the preferred pollution control model for most countries in the world. It is precisely because of the tremendous superiority of the third-party governance model that the Party and the state have issued a series of central and government documents in recent years to promote the third-party governance model of environmental pollution, hoping that the third-party governance model can solve the increasingly serious environmental problems in China. The existing laws and regulations are either too general or inappropriate when facing the third-party pollution control mode. It is very important to perfect the relevant laws and regulations, especially the laws and regulations on civil liability. Law > does not have the words of the third party governance, but no longer emphasizes the principle of "who pollutes who governs", but the principle of liability for damage, which constructs a big legal framework for the third party governance of environmental pollution. Shortly after the amendment of China's Environmental Protection Law, the State Council promulgated a guiding document on the development of a third-party environmental pollution control model, with a view to clarifying the development objectives and actively developing the third-party environmental pollution control model for the provinces and municipalities directly under the Central Government in light of the actual situation of environmental pollution in the region. Opinions on implementing third-party governance of environmental pollution It can be said that "Opinions" has set up a framework for the enactment and perfection of laws and regulations related to the third-party governance model. However, opinions are not standard administrative laws and regulations after all, and their legal effect is low, which can not solve the problem of introducing the third-party governance model of environmental pollution. After that, because of the addition of environmental service company as a new civil subject, and the addition of the contract legal relationship between pollutant discharge enterprise and environmental service company, as well as other civil legal liabilities, some practical civil legal liabilities have arisen, such as environmental service company as a new subject because it has not conscientiously fulfilled the environmental service contract. What kind of responsibility should it bear for causing environmental pollution? Should non-fault sewage enterprises also bear civil liability? Civil legal liability relationship between environmental service companies and other subjects? The distribution of internal liability between environmental service companies and external liability of sewage enterprises? These are the civil liability issues between the third-party governing bodies of environmental pollution. After introducing the new subject of environmental service companies, the relationship between the internal legal liability and the legal liability between the pollutant discharge enterprises and the environmental service companies, which are the third-party governing bodies of environmental pollution, has been studied in this paper. Whether to transfer the responsibility? The legal relationship between them and the environmental victim, the principle of liability fixation and the civil liability of each other in the event of environmental infringement. The present situation and existing legal problems of the third-party governance model of environmental pollution in China, and then on the basis of the advanced experience of the foreign third-party governance of environmental pollution, the author puts forward some shallow opinions on the civil liability of the third-party governance of environmental pollution, hoping to improve the law of the third-party governance model. The main body of this chapter is divided into five parts: the first part: an overview of the civil liability of the third party governing the environmental pollution. In this part, the author mainly introduces the concept, background, characteristics and traditional environment of the third party governing the environmental pollution. The similarities and differences between the pollution control and the third-party control mode, the concept of civil legal liability, the types of liability, after introducing the third-party pollution control enterprises as a new main body, the civil legal liability relationship among the polluters, environmental service companies and the victims of pollution. Part II: Analysis of the current situation of the third-party pollution control in China. This paper reviews the relevant laws, regulations and documents related to the third-party treatment of environmental pollution in China. Due to the imperfection of laws and regulations, the theoretical circles in China have debated what theory about the civil liability of the subject of the third-party treatment model of environmental pollution. There are some problems in the civil liability of laws and regulations in the tripartite governance. Because of the unclear civil liability, what problems have arisen in the third party governance of environmental pollution in our country, and what problems have arisen from the formulation of the imputation system and the level of government supervision, as well as the harm caused by these problems and the author's thinking. This part mainly introduces the advanced experience of foreign countries in the civil liability law of the third-party treatment of environmental pollution, and the advanced experience of how to promote the healthy development of the third-party treatment through perfect laws and regulations. The fifth part is the suggestion of perfecting the civil liability of the third party governing the environmental pollution in our country.On the basis of the predecessors'research results, the author puts forward his own suggestion according to the present situation and problems of the third party governing the environmental pollution in our country, combining the advanced experience of foreign countries and the enlightenment to our country. It is hoped that the improvement of civil liability from the legal and institutional levels will reduce the difficulties that may be encountered in the development of the third-party governance model and let the law escort the third-party governance.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：廣西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D922.6

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