發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-04-18 22:07

  本文選題：器官移植 + 死亡標(biāo)準(zhǔn)�。� 參考：《吉林大學(xué)》2014年碩士論文

【摘要】：作為醫(yī)學(xué)科技發(fā)展的重要突破，人體器官移植在救助終末期臟器衰竭患者之中展示出一枝獨(dú)秀的風(fēng)范，被譽(yù)為“21世紀(jì)醫(yī)學(xué)之顛”。1954年，人類歷史中出現(xiàn)了首例器官移植手術(shù)，移植技術(shù)經(jīng)血管吻合技術(shù)、短期低溫保存供體器官技術(shù)、應(yīng)用免疫抑制劑藥物控制排疫反應(yīng)三次重大革新后被廣泛用于臨床治療之中，讓諸多患者因此重見生命之光。 中國道家經(jīng)典著作《列子》中描述了扁鵲換心的傳奇故事，這體現(xiàn)出華夏民族早已開始了對人體器官移植技術(shù)的探索。器官移植在中國的開展要晚于世界一些科技領(lǐng)先國家，但在我國醫(yī)療科學(xué)家的不懈努力之下，此項(xiàng)技術(shù)獲得快速發(fā)展并處于世界先進(jìn)水平。人體器官移植技術(shù)在中國具有起步較晚、發(fā)展迅速、需求量大的特點(diǎn)，而中國規(guī)制此方面的法律制度尚存缺陷，嚴(yán)重阻礙了移植技術(shù)的進(jìn)步。自1982年7月，中國關(guān)于移植領(lǐng)域的首部法律制度—《眼角膜移植條例》的頒布，到2007年3月中國第一部器官移植行政法規(guī)—《人體器官移植條例》的制定，中國在器官移植方面的法學(xué)研究成果層出不窮。作為醫(yī)學(xué)科技與人類社會文明發(fā)展的共同產(chǎn)物，人體器官移植的突起需要醫(yī)學(xué)、倫理學(xué)、法學(xué)等綜合領(lǐng)域的協(xié)同支撐。然而，，中國在此領(lǐng)域的法學(xué)研究不盡充分，立法技術(shù)落后、內(nèi)容規(guī)定模糊等問題讓我們看到與發(fā)達(dá)國家立法的差距仍舊存在。由于法律制度與醫(yī)療科技發(fā)展的脫軌，器官資源嚴(yán)重不足、分配不均以及非法買賣人體器官犯罪猖獗的現(xiàn)狀讓我們重新審視器官移植對于現(xiàn)存法律規(guī)定的沖擊，并思考如何完善法律制度，從本質(zhì)上規(guī)制實(shí)踐問題。 本文從人體器官移植的概念、分類等基本理論入手，總結(jié)了當(dāng)前移植技術(shù)的發(fā)展歷程，總結(jié)了人體器官移植技術(shù)在中國的沿革與現(xiàn)狀。而后，通過理清中國人體器官移植立法沿革，歸納了《人體器官移植條例》的主要原則及主要內(nèi)容，肯定了其在立法上的進(jìn)步；作為迄今中國在移植領(lǐng)域最高法律效力的行政法規(guī)，《人體器官移植條例》對于促進(jìn)移植技術(shù)發(fā)展具有里程碑意義。再根據(jù)現(xiàn)實(shí)中發(fā)生的案例，與現(xiàn)存法律制度、法律條文進(jìn)行對比分析，提出筆者認(rèn)為當(dāng)前我國立法急需研究解決的幾個(gè)法律問題，如死亡標(biāo)準(zhǔn)未被法律明確規(guī)定、死刑犯器官捐獻(xiàn)缺乏法律保護(hù)、對于器官移植中供體尚無補(bǔ)償措施等。 筆者認(rèn)為，這些問題與中國人體器官移植事業(yè)的發(fā)展息息相關(guān)，應(yīng)當(dāng)引起法學(xué)界的高度重視。最后，以當(dāng)前中國國情為基礎(chǔ)，汲取他國較為科學(xué)的法律規(guī)定之精華，提出了完善中國人體器官移植法律制度的個(gè)人己見。
[Abstract]:As an important breakthrough in the development of medical technology, human organ transplant in the rescue of patients with end-stage organ failure in showing a thriving style, known as "the twenty-first Century medicine",.1954, first appeared in the history of human organ transplantation, transplantation with vascular anastomosis technique, short-term hypothermic preservation of donor organ technology, application the immunosuppressant drug control row immune response of three major innovation was widely used in the clinical treatment, so many patients therefore see the light of life.
< > Chinese Taoist classics are described in the legend of Liezi Bian Que heart, which reflects the Chinese nation has already begun to explore the human organ transplant technology. The development of organ transplantation in China later than some of the world's leading technology countries, but in China's medical scientist's unremitting efforts, the technology to achieve rapid development and at the world advanced level. The human organ transplant technology in Chinese has started late, rapid development, the characteristics of high demand, and the regulation of the legal system Chinese surviving defects, seriously hindered the progress of transplantation technology. Since July 1982, Chinese on the field of transplantation the first legal system - < corneal transplantation regulation on the issue by March 2007 Chinese first organ transplant administrative regulations - "Human Organ Transplant Ordinance > formulation, Chinese in organ transplantation law research results from poor As a common product. Medical science and technology and the development of human civilization, the human organ transplant. Medical ethics, law, collaborative integrated field. However, research in this field is not fully Chinese, legislativetechnology. Content requirements fuzzy problem allows us to see the gap between the developed countries and the legislation still exists. Because the legal system and the medical science and technology development organ derailment, a serious shortage of resources, uneven distribution and the status of illegal trade in human organs crime rampant let us re-examine the impact of organ transplantation for existing provisions of the law, and think about how to improve the legal system, the regulation practice of nature of the problem.
This article from the concept of human organ transplantation, the basic theory of the classification, summarizes the development process of the current transfer technology, summarizes the history and the current situation of human organ transplant technology in China. Then, by clarifying the legislative history of China human organ transplantation, summarizes the main principles of "human organ transplant Ordinance and the main content, sure in the legislative progress; as far China in transplantation of the highest legal effect of administrative regulations," Regulations on human organ transplantation has significance to promote the development of milepost > for transplantation. Then according to the reality. The case, with the existing legal system, the legal provisions for comparative analysis, the author believes that the current law should I study in solving several problems, such as the standard of death is not explicitly stipulated in the law, condemned the lack of legal protection for organ donation, organ transplantation donor no Compensation measures, etc.
The author believes that the development of these problems and Chinese human organ transplant career closely, should attach great importance to law. Finally, the China based on the national conditions, learn the essence of his country's scientific law, put forward to perfect the legal system of Chinese human organ transplant personal view.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：D922.16

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