【摘要】：眾所周知,海上的生產(chǎn)作業(yè)相較于陸上作業(yè)有很大差別,當(dāng)船舶在大洋航行發(fā)生險情時,等待公權(quán)力機(jī)關(guān)的救援往往具有滯后性,最有效的救助還是來自于過往的船只。雖然相關(guān)國際公約和我國法律已經(jīng)明確規(guī)定船長有海上人命救助的義務(wù),但大量見危不救的案例仍在海上頻頻發(fā)生,我國法律對船長見危不救行為的規(guī)制一概采取行政處罰的制裁措施,僅處罰金和暫扣適任證書的懲罰使得船長見危不救行為得不到有效打擊,所帶來的海上人命安全威脅問題也愈加突出。船長見危不救行為侵犯了海上人命安全的法益,具有嚴(yán)重的社會危害性,但船長違反法定的海上救助義務(wù)是否構(gòu)成犯罪,構(gòu)成什么樣的犯罪,處以什么樣的刑罰,我國刑事立法一概沒有規(guī)定。立法的缺失必然導(dǎo)致了司法的無奈,在實(shí)際工作中,由于沒有關(guān)于船長見危不救責(zé)任的統(tǒng)一認(rèn)定,相關(guān)法律適用不明確,執(zhí)法人員在責(zé)任追究方面存在較大差異,這導(dǎo)致同案不同判的司法不公狀況。基于此,增設(shè)"船長見危不救罪"對遇險船只的救助和海上人命救援具有重大意義。本文論"船長見危不救罪"的增設(shè)除前言以外共分為四部分。第一章是文章的概述部分,主要介紹了船長見危不救犯罪的基本理論。首先,筆者界定了"見危不救"的含義,揭示了見危不救行為性質(zhì)是不作為。其次,從船長的權(quán)力義務(wù)和法律地位出發(fā),明確船長在公法上的權(quán)力與義務(wù),闡述船長這一主體特殊的法律地位。第二章從船長見危不救行為具有嚴(yán)重的社會危害性,而我國現(xiàn)有法律控制不力等方面分析設(shè)立"船長見危不救罪"的必要性以及從國外立法例和我國司法實(shí)踐對該罪的認(rèn)同等方面闡述我國設(shè)立此罪的可行性。第三章筆者從犯罪構(gòu)成的四要件分析"船長見危不救罪"的犯罪構(gòu)成并對船長見危不救罪與非罪、此罪與相近罪名的界限進(jìn)行區(qū)分。第四章詳細(xì)地對該罪的刑罰設(shè)置予以闡述,同時與我國最新出臺的《刑法修正案(九)》相結(jié)合,創(chuàng)新地提出對該罪主體設(shè)置"從業(yè)禁止"的措施,使得"船長見危不救罪"的設(shè)置更合理完善,從而填補(bǔ)有關(guān)船長見危不救的刑事責(zé)任空白。
[Abstract]:As we all know, there is a great difference between offshore production and onshore operations. When ships are in danger of sailing in the ocean, waiting for the rescue of public authorities is often lagging behind, and the most effective rescue comes from passing ships. Although the relevant international conventions and Chinese laws have clearly stipulated that the captain has the obligation to save lives at sea, a large number of cases of failure to save at sea still occur frequently at sea. The laws of our country regulate the behavior of the captain who sees danger and does not save. The punishment of only fine and withholding certificate makes it impossible for the captain to deal an effective blow to the act of failing to save the captain when he sees danger. The threat to the safety of life at sea has become increasingly prominent. When the captain sees that the act of not saving at sea infringes the legal interests of the safety of human life at sea and has serious social harmfulness, however, whether the captain violates the legal obligation of salvage at sea constitutes a crime, what kind of crime is constituted, and what kind of penalty is imposed, There is nothing in our criminal legislation. The lack of legislation will inevitably lead to judicial helplessness. In practical work, there is a great difference in the investigation of liability of law enforcement personnel because of the lack of a unified recognition of the captain's responsibility to see danger and no rescue, and the lack of clear application of relevant laws. This led to a miscarriage of justice in the same case. Therefore, it is of great significance to the rescue of ships in distress and the rescue of life at sea. There are four parts in addition to the foreword. The first chapter is an overview of the article, mainly introduces the captain of the basic theory of the crime. First of all, the author defines the meaning of "seeing danger and not saving", and reveals that the nature of behavior is inaction. Secondly, from the point of view of the captain's power, duty and legal status, the author clarifies the captain's power and duty in public law, and expounds the special legal status of the master as the subject. The second chapter sees from the captain that the act of not rescuing has serious social harmfulness. However, the necessity of setting up the crime of "captain without rescue" is analyzed from the aspects of weak legal control in our country and the feasibility of establishing this crime in our country from the aspects of foreign legislation and the recognition of this crime in our country's judicial practice. In the third chapter, the author analyzes the crime constitution of "the captain does not rescue the crime" from the four elements of the constitution of the crime, and distinguishes the crime and the similar charge between the crime and the non-crime of the captain. The fourth chapter elaborates the penalty setting of the crime in detail, and combines with the latest Criminal Law Amendment (9), puts forward the measures of "prohibition of employment" for the main body of the crime. It makes the setting of "Captain see danger not save crime" more reasonable and perfect, thus fill in the blank of criminal responsibility of captain who sees danger and does not save.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：大連海事大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D924.3

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