本文選題：風(fēng)險(xiǎn)刑法 + 危險(xiǎn)犯　； 參考：《華東政法大學(xué)》2014年碩士論文

【摘要】：20世紀(jì)80年代,德國學(xué)者烏爾里�！へ惪嗽谄洹讹L(fēng)險(xiǎn)社會(huì)》一書中首次提出著名的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)社會(huì)理論。風(fēng)險(xiǎn)社會(huì)理論傳入我國之后,學(xué)術(shù)界對(duì)此展開了廣泛的討論,有的學(xué)者認(rèn)為我國已處在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)社會(huì)之中,有的學(xué)者則認(rèn)為我國與西方發(fā)達(dá)國家社會(huì)基礎(chǔ)不同,不應(yīng)簡單套用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)社會(huì)理論。但就整體而言,我國社會(huì)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與西方社會(huì)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在表征上有著諸多相似之處。在我國當(dāng)前風(fēng)險(xiǎn)社會(huì)背景之下,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)刑法理論逐漸興起,并對(duì)傳統(tǒng)刑法理論造成了較大的沖擊。風(fēng)險(xiǎn)刑法理論即是通過將刑事防衛(wèi)線的整體前移從而實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)法益的前置化保護(hù),雖然契合了公眾對(duì)社會(huì)安全的訴求,卻是以犧牲行為自由等為代價(jià)的。在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)刑法中,法益的概念模糊化、擴(kuò)大化,刑法由特殊預(yù)防為主轉(zhuǎn)為一般預(yù)防為主,刑法非難由評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果轉(zhuǎn)向評(píng)價(jià)行為本身的違法性,而危險(xiǎn)犯是其在立法上的主要表現(xiàn)形式。刑法理論界對(duì)我國當(dāng)下的社會(huì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是否需要以風(fēng)險(xiǎn)刑法來應(yīng)對(duì)大致存在肯定論與否定論兩種態(tài)度。筆者認(rèn)為既不必對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)刑法理論盲目排斥,也不必盲目崇拜,甚至奉為解決風(fēng)險(xiǎn)社會(huì)的靈丹妙藥。在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)社會(huì)里,并不意味著風(fēng)險(xiǎn)刑法理論要對(duì)傳統(tǒng)刑法理論進(jìn)行革命性地顛覆,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)社會(huì)中仍要堅(jiān)持傳統(tǒng)刑法理論的主導(dǎo)地位,同時(shí),審慎地運(yùn)用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)刑法理論對(duì)傳統(tǒng)刑法理論予以必要的補(bǔ)充。改革開放以來,社會(huì)變革速度極快,刑法也在不斷修正以適應(yīng)社會(huì)變化,通過歷次刑法修正案中危險(xiǎn)犯的立法動(dòng)態(tài)可以覺察風(fēng)險(xiǎn)刑法理論的發(fā)展動(dòng)向。主要表現(xiàn)為“故意危險(xiǎn)犯向過失危險(xiǎn)犯擴(kuò)展”、“危險(xiǎn)犯的涉罪范圍擴(kuò)展”、“危險(xiǎn)犯的涉案主體擴(kuò)展”、“危險(xiǎn)犯侵犯的法益擴(kuò)展”、“具體危險(xiǎn)犯向抽象危險(xiǎn)犯的擴(kuò)展”�？梢园l(fā)現(xiàn)危險(xiǎn)犯正以前所未有的速度在我國刑法中大肆擴(kuò)張。面對(duì)整個(gè)社會(huì)過度依賴和夸大危險(xiǎn)行為入罪化對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)行為的規(guī)制作用,筆者認(rèn)為有必要對(duì)危險(xiǎn)犯進(jìn)行限制和縮小,從理論層面來說:一是我國風(fēng)險(xiǎn)社會(huì)的基礎(chǔ)、發(fā)展程度等與西方并不完全相同,不能完全套用西方的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)刑法理論;二是風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的特性決定著它不同于其他一般危害行為;三是刑法發(fā)展的輕刑化趨勢(shì)以及謙抑性的本質(zhì)要求。從實(shí)證層面來說:通過對(duì)相關(guān)實(shí)證數(shù)據(jù)的對(duì)比分析,在實(shí)證層面力證部分危險(xiǎn)犯擴(kuò)展之不可行與不必要;從立法層面來說:現(xiàn)行危險(xiǎn)犯的立法存在諸多缺陷,主要存在罪責(zé)不均衡、入罪標(biāo)準(zhǔn)混亂及司法實(shí)踐認(rèn)定困難等缺陷。在危險(xiǎn)犯限縮的具體制度設(shè)計(jì)上,從宏觀層面來區(qū)分什么樣的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)需要刑法規(guī)制,什么樣的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)無需刑法插足;從微觀層面來厘清危險(xiǎn)犯之“危險(xiǎn)狀態(tài)”的準(zhǔn)確含義,有助于司法實(shí)踐認(rèn)定,避免刑法打擊面的擴(kuò)大。主要通過對(duì)“危險(xiǎn)”含義的二元性闡述及判斷危險(xiǎn)的時(shí)間標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、主體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來分析。危險(xiǎn)犯的完成形態(tài)理論爭議較大,準(zhǔn)確厘清這一理論問題有助于司法實(shí)踐對(duì)危險(xiǎn)犯的犯罪預(yù)備、犯罪中止、犯罪未遂等問題的把握,真正做到罪責(zé)刑相均衡,不枉不縱。筆者贊同具體危險(xiǎn)犯存在未遂形態(tài),主要理由在于危險(xiǎn)狀態(tài)的形成是一個(gè)由量變到質(zhì)變的過程,危險(xiǎn)行為的著手與危險(xiǎn)狀態(tài)的形成存在著一定的時(shí)間間隙。當(dāng)行為著手后,危險(xiǎn)狀態(tài)尚未形成之時(shí),由于行為人意志以外的原因未得逞,即為未遂形態(tài)。對(duì)于過失危險(xiǎn)行為應(yīng)否入罪化,理論界尚存爭議,筆者認(rèn)為在肯定部分過失危險(xiǎn)行為應(yīng)當(dāng)入罪的前提下,對(duì)過失危險(xiǎn)犯嚴(yán)加限縮,主要從過失危險(xiǎn)行為之危險(xiǎn)限定、過失危險(xiǎn)行為之范圍限定及過失危險(xiǎn)犯之刑罰限定三個(gè)方面論述。
[Abstract]:In 1980s, Ulrich Beck, a German scholar, first put forward a famous theory of risk society in his book of risk society. After the introduction of the theory of risk society to our country, the academic circle has launched a wide discussion. Some scholars believe that China is in a risk society, and some scholars believe that China and the western developed countries are concerned. As a whole, there are many similarities between the risk of our society and the risk of Western society on the whole. Under the background of our country's risk society, the theory of risk criminal law is rising gradually, and it has made a great impact on the traditional theory of criminal law. The theory of the risk criminal law is the same. Through the whole forward shift of the criminal defense line to realize the pre protection of the legal benefit, although it fits the public's demands for social security, it is at the expense of the freedom of the act of sacrifice. In the criminal law, the concept of legal interest is blurred, expanded, the criminal law is mainly transferred from special prevention to general prevention, and the criminal law is not difficult to be evaluated. To evaluate the illegality of the behavior itself, the dangerous crime is the main form of expression in the legislation. The criminal theory circle has two attitudes about whether the present social risk of our country needs to deal with the risk criminal law. In the risk society, it does not mean that the theory of the risk criminal law should revolutionize the traditional criminal theory. In the risk society, the dominant position of the traditional criminal theory should still be adhered to. At the same time, the theory of the criminal law is carefully used to supplement the traditional criminal theory. Since the release, the speed of social change is very fast, the criminal law is also constantly amended to adapt to the social changes. Through the legislative dynamic of the criminal law amendment, the development trend of the theory of risk criminal law can be detected. The main manifestation is "the expansion of the dangerous offense to the negligent dangerous offense", the expansion of the crime range of the dangerous criminals, and the related criminal involved. The expansion of the subject of the case, the expansion of the legal interests of the perilous offenders, the expansion of the specific dangerous offenders to the abstract dangerous criminals, can be found that the dangerous criminals are expanding at an unprecedented rate in the criminal law of our country. The dangerous criminals are limited and narrowed. From the theoretical level, the first is the foundation of our country's risk society, the degree of development is not exactly the same as that in the west, and the Western risk criminal law theory can not be completely applied. The two is that the characteristics of the risk determine that it is different from other general harm behavior, and the three is the trend of light punishment and humility in the development of criminal law. Essential requirements. From the empirical level: through the comparative analysis of relevant empirical data, it is infeasible and unnecessary to verify the expansion of some dangerous criminals on the empirical level; from the legislative level, there are many defects in the legislation of the current dangerous offenders, which mainly exist the defects of the disequilibrium of the crime, the confusing of the crime standards and the difficulty of the judicial practice. On the specific system design of the limit of the risk offender, it is necessary to distinguish what kind of risk from the macro level, and what kind of risk does not need to be put into the criminal law; to clarify the exact meaning of the "dangerous state" of the dangerous crime from the micro level, it is helpful to the judicial practice and avoid the expansion of the criminal law strike surface. The two yuan description and the judgment of the time standard of danger and the main standard are analyzed. The theory of completion form of the dangerous criminal is very controversial. It is helpful for the judicial practice to grasp the criminal preparation, the discontinuation of the crime, the attempted crime and so on in the judicial practice. The main reason for the attempted form of dangerous criminals is that the formation of the state of danger is a process from quantitative change to qualitative change, and there is a certain time gap between the start of dangerous behavior and the formation of the dangerous state. When the behavior is not formed, the cause of the perpetrator is not successful, that is, the unaccomplished form. If the negligent dangerous act should be incriminating, the theorists still have a dispute. The author holds that, on the premise of affirming some of the dangerous act of negligence, the limit of the perilous perilous offense is strictly limited, mainly from the limit of the danger of the negligent dangerous act, the limit of the scope of the dangerous act of negligence and the penalty of the negligent dangerous offense in three aspects.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：D924.1

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