本文選題：損害賠償權(quán) + 刑事責(zé)任　； 參考：《吉林大學(xué)》2015年博士論文

【摘要】：刑事被害人損害賠償權(quán)，是指刑事被害人對于因犯罪造成的物質(zhì)損失或精神損害，有權(quán)請求犯罪人賠償，進而獲得物質(zhì)上、財產(chǎn)上的利益恢復(fù)。既可以要求返還原物，也可以用金錢做等價賠償，還可以用勞動折作賠償。作為在有具體被害人的犯罪中，，犯罪的本質(zhì)是嚴(yán)重侵犯他人人身權(quán)和財產(chǎn)權(quán)利權(quán)利的犯罪，即嚴(yán)重的侵權(quán)，因此刑事?lián)p害賠償權(quán)具有民事賠償?shù)膶傩�，其�?quán)利主體、賠償范圍、賠償原則應(yīng)當(dāng)參照民事侵權(quán)損害賠償標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。但是刑事被害人損害賠償權(quán)的行使具有懲罰犯罪人的功能，作為非刑罰處理方法，是刑事責(zé)任的承擔(dān)方式之一。 被害人損害賠償權(quán)根植于人權(quán)保障觀、正義觀和報應(yīng)觀。保護被害人損害賠償權(quán)是保護人權(quán)的必然要求，有利于懲罰和預(yù)防犯罪，有利于節(jié)約司法資源，實現(xiàn)刑罰寬緩。在同態(tài)復(fù)仇、血親復(fù)仇的原始社會時期，人們只想著復(fù)仇，不存在損害賠償權(quán)。隨著農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展，私有制的出現(xiàn)，尤其是貨幣的產(chǎn)生，使人們在權(quán)利受到侵害后，希望獲得經(jīng)濟上的賠償，賠償逐漸取代殘酷的暴力復(fù)仇，并成為一種社會行為得以推廣。伴隨國家這一組織的建立和國家權(quán)力的擴張，國家懲治犯罪的欲望越來越膨脹，公民讓渡的個人自由越來越多，以至于超過了“保護社會利益和公共利益的需要”。國家由居中裁判方逐步轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樽吩V犯罪方，并逐漸取代被害人行使追訴犯罪和懲罰犯罪權(quán)，被害人處于萎縮的邊緣，被害人損害賠償權(quán)處于衰落的狀態(tài)。通過對新的犯罪概念中私人侵權(quán)性的解讀，以及新的犯罪本質(zhì)觀中嚴(yán)重侵權(quán)性的重釋，以及恢復(fù)性司法理念的影響，在被害人保護運動的背景下，在被害人學(xué)理論的指引下，被害人重新回到各國刑事司法視野當(dāng)中，被害人損害賠償權(quán)復(fù)興。認定損害賠償權(quán)具有侵權(quán)民事性質(zhì)，提升被害人地位、保護被害人權(quán)利成為國際社會普遍關(guān)注的課題，加強被害人損害賠償權(quán)成為當(dāng)然的題中之義。 我國被害人損害賠償權(quán)保護現(xiàn)狀分為刑法保護、訴訟程序保護、執(zhí)行程序保護，在實踐中產(chǎn)生很多問題，如刑事附帶民事上訴率增高，執(zhí)行財產(chǎn)困難重重，被害人損害賠償權(quán)難以得到周全的保護。分析原因主要為：損害賠償權(quán)的權(quán)屬不清；損害賠償權(quán)的功能薄弱；損害賠償權(quán)的路徑單一。具體表現(xiàn)為賠償范圍萎縮、財產(chǎn)保護不平衡、附帶民事訴訟具有依附性，執(zhí)行程序不完善等方面。而且，能夠發(fā)揮保護主體性和自主性作用的刑事和解也存在諸多問題。 在借鑒域外對于被害人損害賠償權(quán)的保護的基礎(chǔ)上，提出我國被害人損害賠償權(quán)保護的建議。確認損害賠償權(quán)的民事屬性，在權(quán)利主體、賠償范圍、賠償標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等方面要與民法保持某種程度的一致性，確立全面賠償與優(yōu)先賠償原則。即精神損害賠償取消不合理，被扶養(yǎng)人生活費作為間接損失，應(yīng)當(dāng)予以保護，而不能納入精神損害賠償范圍予以排除。確立損害賠償權(quán)作為非刑罰處理方法，是刑事責(zé)任的承擔(dān)方式之一，因此可以單獨適用或復(fù)合適用，將損害賠償與刑罰方法相結(jié)合實現(xiàn)復(fù)合制裁方式，即成為影響刑罰裁量和刑罰變更的法定情節(jié)。進而探索損害賠償權(quán)實現(xiàn)路徑的多元化，賦予單獨或附帶提起民事訴訟選擇權(quán)、完善財產(chǎn)保全與先行支付制度、建立犯罪人財產(chǎn)調(diào)查、控制與追蹤制度、建立監(jiān)獄勞動薪酬賠償制度、設(shè)立創(chuàng)造性賠償制度�；謴�(fù)性司法主要從維護國家利益和社會秩序的角度對犯罪人適用刑罰，認為犯罪是侵害個人權(quán)利的行為，主要從修復(fù)、保護權(quán)利角度懲罰犯罪人，而且這種處罰決定由雙方協(xié)商而成，可能包括賠禮道歉、賠償損失、提供勞務(wù)等等。傳統(tǒng)刑事司法理念只能使被害人報應(yīng)情感得到短暫滿足，而恢復(fù)性司法能起比較好的懲罰犯罪和撫慰被害人作用，有利于保障被害人損害賠償權(quán)。將恢復(fù)性司法全面引入刑事調(diào)解與和解，以期實現(xiàn)被害人損害賠償權(quán)保護的利益最大化。
[Abstract]:The right of compensation for the damage of the criminal victim means that the criminal victim has the right to claim the offender's compensation for the material loss or mental damage caused by the crime, and then obtain the recovery of the interests in the material and property. It can not only request the return of the original object, but also use money to make the equivalent compensation, and can also use labor as compensation. As a specific victim, the victim can be used as a specific victim. In the crime, the essence of the crime is a serious infringement of the right of person's personal right and property right, that is, a serious tort, so the right of compensation for the criminal damage has the property of civil compensation. The subject of the right, the scope of compensation and the principle of compensation shall refer to the subject of civil tort damages, but the exercise of the right of compensation for the damage of the criminal victim is of great importance. Punishing the criminal's function as a non penalty method is one of the ways to bear criminal responsibility.
The damage compensation right of the victim is rooted in the view of human rights protection, the view of justice and the view of retribution. The protection of the damage right of the victim is the inevitable requirement for the protection of human rights. It is beneficial to punish and prevent the crime, save the judicial resources and realize the penalty width. In the original period of the homomorphism revenge and the Revenge of the blood relatives, people only think of revenge and do not have damage. Right of compensation. With the development of agriculture, the emergence of private ownership, especially the emergence of money, makes people want economic compensation after the infringement of their rights. The compensation has gradually replaced the brutal vengeance and became a kind of social behavior to promote. The desire of the citizens to transfer more and more, more and more personal freedom, so that the "protection of social interests and the needs of public interests". The state has gradually changed from the central referee to the prosecution of the crime, and gradually replaced the victims to exercise the prosecution and punishment of the right to crime, the victim is on the edge of the atrophy, the victim damages compensation. The right of compensation is in a state of decline. Through the interpretation of the private infringement in the new concept of crime, the reinterpretation of the serious tort in the new concept of the nature of the crime and the influence of the concept of restorative justice, under the background of the victim protection movement, under the guidance of the theory of victim learning, the victim is back to the criminal judicial vision of various countries. The damage compensation right of the victim is rejuvenated. It is found that the right of damage compensation has the civil nature of tort, the promotion of the status of the victim and the protection of the rights of the victims become the universal concern of the international community, and the right to strengthen the damages of the victims is of course.
The protection of the damage compensation right of the victims in our country can be divided into criminal law protection, litigation procedure protection, execution procedure protection, and there are many problems in practice, such as the increase of the incidental civil appellate rate, the difficulties of executing property and the protection of the damage compensation right of the victims. The main reason is that the rights of the damage compensation right are not clear. The function of the right of damages is weak; the path of the right of damages is single. The concrete performance is that the scope of compensation is shrinking, the property protection is not balanced, the incidental civil action is attached and the execution procedure is imperfect. Moreover, there are many problems that can play the role of protections and autonomy.
On the basis of the protection of the right of damage compensation for the victims, this paper puts forward the suggestion of the protection of the right of damages for the victims of our country. To confirm the civil property of the right of compensation for damage, to maintain a certain degree of consistency with the civil law in the subject of right, the scope of compensation and the standard of compensation, and to establish the principle of comprehensive compensation and priority compensation. The compensation for damages is unreasonably cancelled and the living expenses of the dependants are indirect losses. They should be protected, but can not be excluded from the scope of compensation for mental damage. The establishment of the right to compensate for damage, as a non penalty treatment method, is one of the ways to bear the criminal responsibility. Therefore, it can be applied individually or in combination, and damages the compensation and the penalty method. Combined with the realization of compound sanctions, that is, the legal plot that affects the penalty discretion and the change of penalty, and then explore the diversification of the path of the right to compensate the damage, give the right to choose the civil action, perfect the property protection and the first payment system, establish the criminal property investigation, control and follow up the system, and establish the prison labor. The compensation system establishes the system of creative compensation. The restorative justice mainly applies the penalty to the offender from the angle of maintaining the national interests and social order. It is considered that the crime is the act of infringing on the rights of the individual. It mainly punishes the perpetrator from the angle of repairing and protecting the right, and this kind of punishment is decided by the two parties, and may include the indemnity road. The traditional criminal justice concept can only make the victim retribution emotion get short satisfaction, and the restorative justice can punish the crime and soothe the victim's function better, and protect the victim's right to compensate for damage. The benefit of the protection of the right of damages is maximized.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：D925.2

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