本文選題：未成年人　切入點(diǎn)：前科　出處：《西南政法大學(xué)》2014年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：前科制度在發(fā)揮社會(huì)防衛(wèi)功能的同時(shí)，不可避免地會(huì)侵害到前科者的個(gè)人權(quán)利，給昔日的犯罪人在復(fù)歸社會(huì)的途中帶來(lái)客觀上的障礙以及心理上的陰影。作為制約前科負(fù)面效應(yīng)的配套機(jī)制，前科消滅制度越來(lái)越受到我國(guó)刑事理論界以及司法實(shí)務(wù)界的關(guān)注�！缎谭ㄐ拚福ò耍芬约靶隆缎淌略V訟法》的出臺(tái)使我國(guó)未成年人前科消滅制度初具雛形，然而，，制度構(gòu)建之初難免存在不足之處。本文以我國(guó)現(xiàn)有的未成年人犯罪記錄封存制度為切入點(diǎn)，通過(guò)對(duì)少年司法理念的分析以及相關(guān)國(guó)際公約內(nèi)容的闡述，進(jìn)一步提出具有可行性和前瞻性的完善建議，加快我國(guó)未成年人前科消滅制度的構(gòu)建進(jìn)程。 全文共計(jì)四萬(wàn)余字，分為五個(gè)部分。引言部分闡述了本文所要研究問(wèn)題的緣起以及研究意義。 緒論部分闡述了當(dāng)前的研究現(xiàn)狀，并對(duì)制度所涉及的核心概念進(jìn)行了重新界定�！靶谭ㄒ饬x”作為“前科”的本質(zhì)屬性，不僅排除了行政處罰這些非刑事污點(diǎn)成立前科的可能，也排除了酌定不起訴以及附條件不起訴成立前科的可能性�！扒翱啤钡耐庋优c刑事責(zé)任的諸多實(shí)現(xiàn)方式相符，包括刑罰處罰、非刑罰處罰、單純的有罪宣告以及經(jīng)特赦令免除刑罰的消滅處理方式。狹義的“前科消滅”以及“撤銷前科”共同構(gòu)成了前科消滅的具體方式，而有關(guān)前科消滅的外在表現(xiàn)之爭(zhēng)——犯罪記錄到底是選擇封存還是注銷，實(shí)為社會(huì)保護(hù)與權(quán)利保障的價(jià)值權(quán)衡問(wèn)題。 第二部分主要圍繞我國(guó)的制度現(xiàn)狀展開(kāi)分析，提出進(jìn)一步完善前科消滅制度存在現(xiàn)實(shí)的必要性。從法律政策著眼，我國(guó)當(dāng)下的未成年人犯罪記錄封存制度存在內(nèi)容過(guò)于粗糙、保護(hù)力度不足的問(wèn)題，主要體現(xiàn)在適用范圍過(guò)窄、消滅標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不當(dāng)、權(quán)利保障有限、實(shí)施主體缺失以及制度內(nèi)容不健全等方面。從司法實(shí)務(wù)著眼，我國(guó)各地試點(diǎn)工作零散、操作欠規(guī)范并且相對(duì)滯后，這就需要盡快積累地方經(jīng)驗(yàn)，通過(guò)理論導(dǎo)引與法律規(guī)范的依托，不斷深化改革，完善制度。 第三部分從宏觀的角度探討制度完善的方向。由于我國(guó)少年司法“先天不足”，“雙向保護(hù)”的平衡點(diǎn)應(yīng)當(dāng)是以未成年人權(quán)益保障為主，兼顧社會(huì)保護(hù)。此外，我國(guó)作為《兒童權(quán)利公約》的締約國(guó)，同樣受制于“聯(lián)合國(guó)少年司法標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和規(guī)范”的約束，在具體構(gòu)建上應(yīng)當(dāng)以相關(guān)國(guó)際公約的具體執(zhí)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為底線。同時(shí)，在現(xiàn)有刑事法制國(guó)際化的背景下，本文還積極借鑒域外立法的先進(jìn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，不斷完善未成年人前科消滅制度。 第四部分是文章的重點(diǎn)，筆者從微觀的角度展開(kāi)具體的制度構(gòu)建�？傮w上來(lái)說(shuō)，未成年人前科消滅制度適用對(duì)象應(yīng)當(dāng)普遍化，不過(guò)，基于刑事法律體系完備性的考慮，我國(guó)現(xiàn)階段特別累犯以及毒品再犯不適用前科消滅；其次，適用條件應(yīng)當(dāng)相對(duì)寬松，考察期限以悔改的難易程度為劃分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，整體上不宜過(guò)長(zhǎng)，考察內(nèi)容以行為人沒(méi)有故意違法犯罪為準(zhǔn)；最后，適用方式應(yīng)當(dāng)多元化，以法定消滅為基礎(chǔ)，撤銷前科為補(bǔ)充，共同構(gòu)建未成年人前科消滅制度的運(yùn)行程序。此外，為了保障制度功能的有效發(fā)揮，本文還關(guān)注了未成年人隱私權(quán)的保護(hù)以及相應(yīng)配套措施的銜接問(wèn)題。
[Abstract]:The criminal record system in the play of social defense function at the same time, will inevitably infringe upon the rights of the individual criminal record, way to the former criminals in return to the society brings the obstacles and psychological shadow. As the supporting mechanism restricts the negative effect of criminal recorddestroy system, more and more Chinese criminal theory and the judicial practice circles. The criminal law amendment (eight) "and the introduction of the new" criminal procedural law > China sermpc take shape, however, at the beginning of the construction of the system shortcomings inevitably exist. Based on China's current juvenile criminal record storage system as the breakthrough point, through the content analysis of juvenile the judicial idea and relevant international conventions elaborated, further put forward feasible and forward-looking suggestions to accelerate our sermpc construction process.
The full text of a total of more than 40000 words, is divided into five parts. The introduction part describes the research problems of this paper to the origin and significance of the research.
The introduction part introduces the research status, and the core concepts involved in the system was re defined. The "criminal law" as the essence of "criminal record", not only eliminates the administrative punishment of these non criminal convictions may stain was established, also ruled out the possibility of non prosecution and non prosecution of additional conditions the establishment of criminal record. "Consistent extension and criminal responsibility form" in many ways, including penalty, non penalty punishment, the guilty declaration by amnesty and exemption from punishment elimination treatment. The narrow "elimination" and "revocation form" constitute the specific ways of elimination of criminal record, and the elimination of criminal record outside the performance of the debate -- criminal record in the end is to choose the storage or cancellation, protection and rights is the value of social security trade-offs.
The second part mainly focuses on the system of the current situation of our country to analyze, put forward to further improve the system of elimination of criminal record is necessary. From the perspective of legal policy, our country's current juvenile criminal record storage system is too rough, the lack of protection of the problems, mainly reflected in the narrow scope, standard of killing is improper, the protection of the rights limited implementation of the main content of the system is not perfect and lack of other aspects. From the perspective of judicial practice in our country, the pilot work of the scattered, lack of standardized operation and relatively lag, which requires the accumulation of local experience as soon as possible, by relying on the theoretical guidance and legal norms, deepening reform, perfecting the system.
The third part discusses the direction of a sound system from a macro perspective. Because of China's juvenile justice "congenitally deficient", "balance dual protection" should be to protect the interests of minors, social protection. In addition, China as the "Convention on the rights of the child on the parties, also subject to the juvenile justice standards of the United Nations and the specification of the constraints, in the concrete construction should be based on the specific implementation of standards of relevant international conventions for the bottom line. At the same time, the existing criminal law under the background of internationalization, this paper also actively learn from the advanced experience of foreign legislation, and constantly improve the sermpc.
The fourth part is the focus of the article, the author from the micro perspective of specific system construction. On the whole, sermpc application object should be universal, however, the completeness of criminal legal system based on the consideration of special recidivist stage and drug recidivism is not suitable for the elimination of criminal record; secondly, the applicable conditions should be relatively study period to loose, the degree of difficulty of repentance for the standard, on the whole should not be too long, to examine the contents of the perpetrator is not intentional crimes shall prevail; finally, the suitable way should be diversified, eliminate law as the basis, to revoke the record as the supplement, to jointly build sermpc operation procedure. In addition, effectively in order to guarantee the system function, this paper is also concerned about the problem of convergence to protect the privacy of minors and the corresponding measures.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：D925.2

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